He aha ka biodiesel no nā kaʻa
Nā mea
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kaʻa kekahi o nā kumu nui e haumia ai ke kaiapuni a hoʻopau ʻia nā kumuwaiwai o ka honua. ʻOiai me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana o nā kaʻa uila, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke kūlana. ʻO ka pilikia ʻoiai ma ka manawa o ka hana ʻana o kahi kaʻa uila, a i ʻole ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī, o kāna paila, nui ka nui o nā mea hoʻopilikia e komo i ka lewa.
ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka haumia o ke ea o ko mākou home maʻamau ka hana nui a ka ʻepekema. Paipai ia iā lākou e hoʻomohala i nā wahie ʻē aʻe, nā ʻano o ia mea e māʻona ai nā pono o ka mea hoʻokele kaʻa paʻakikī, akā i ka manawa like e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe. No kēia kumu, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻano wahie kūikawā no nā kaʻa - biodiesel.
Hiki iā ia ke pani maoli i ka koho diesel maʻamau? E hoʻāʻo e ʻike.
He aha ka biodiesel?
I ka pōkole, he waiwai ia ka hopena o nā hopena kemika ma waena o kekahi mea momona a me nā momona holoholona. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana, loaʻa i nā ʻoihana e hoʻomohala i kahi wahie i kahi huahana methyl. Ma muli o kona mau pono ahi, hiki ke hoʻohana i ka ether ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa i ka wahie diesel.
Ma muli o ke ʻano like o ke ana ʻana o nā koho ʻelua, hiki ke hoʻohana i nā biofuels e wahie i ka ʻenekini diesel maʻamau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēia hihia, e emi nā palena o nā anakuhi he nui. ʻAʻole like ke kaʻa biofuel me ka ikaika, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole komo i kēlā me kēia kalaiwa i nā hōʻuluʻulu. Ua lawa kēia no ka neʻe ʻana, a ʻo ka emi ʻana o ka pono o ka mana uila e 5-8 pakeneka ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia me ka holo mālie.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana o nā aila ʻē aʻe no nā ʻāina he nui mai kahi manaʻo waiwai ma mua o ka unuhi a kūʻai ʻana paha i nā huahana aila.
Pehea e hana ʻia ai ka biodiesel?
No ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia ʻano wahie, hiki i ka ʻāina ke hoʻohana i ka rapeseed, soybeans, peanuts, sunflowers a me nā mea kanu aila ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka poʻe e ʻike i ke kūlana ke lawe ʻia ka aila no ka hana ʻana i ka biodiesel mai kēlā mau mea kanu i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka meaʻai, akā mai nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. No kēia kumu, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pinepine i nā māla nunui i kanu ʻia me ka pālau.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana ponoʻī, kahi e ʻae ai i ka hana ʻana o ka wahie, paʻakikī paʻakikī, a lawe ʻia e nā chemist ʻike. ʻO ka mea mua, loaʻa ka aila mai ka hua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. A laila hoʻohana ʻia me kahi ʻalekohola monohopika (methanol maʻamau) no kahi hopena kemika me ke komo ʻana o kahi mea catalytic. Hoʻoulu ʻia ke kaʻina hana e ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā mea maka a i kanalima kekelē Celsius.
ʻO ka hopena, loaʻa ka mea hana - methyl ether a me glycerin. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka hapa mua mai nā impurities methanol. Me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole i ka huahana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻenekini, ʻoiai ʻo kāna puhi ʻana e alakaʻi i ka coking hiki ʻole o nā ʻāpana āpau e komo i ka hana o ka ʻenekini kuni kūloko.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka biodiesel maʻemaʻe i kūpono no ka refueling i kahi kaʻa, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ka centrifugation a me ka wai me kahi sorbent. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia hoʻi ka wai o ka wai i loko o ka mea, no ka mea ke hāpai nei i ka hiʻona o nā microorganism i loko o ka wai. No kēia kumu, hoʻomaloʻo ka hopena methyl ether i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.
Hoʻokahi hekika o ka ʻāina i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hua mai i hoʻokahi tone o aila. Loaʻa ka hapa nui o ka huahana mai ka lāʻau ʻaila (inā mākou e lawe i nā mea kanu ʻāina) - a hiki i 6 liters o ka aila ke kiʻi ʻia mai hoʻokahi hectare o ke kanu ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia kēia wahie no nā kī gula, no laila ʻo rapeseed ka koho ʻoi loa.
I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea ulu e ulu ana i nā māla kūpono no ka palaoa a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, ke lulu nei kekahi mau ʻāina i nā māla i kapa ʻia "haʻalele". ʻOiai he mea kanu pono ʻole ka pākino, hiki ke ulu ma kahi e ʻaʻa ʻole ai nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā wahi me nā ʻano mea kanu liʻiliʻi.
I nā ʻāina hea ka hoʻohana ʻia o ka biodiesel?
ʻAʻole kū mālie ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana wahie maʻemaʻe, a kokoke i kēlā me kēia ʻāina i ʻEulopa e hana nei i kēia. Eia nō naʻe, ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēia ʻano. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka hana honua, aneane 50 pakeneka ka mahele o kēia ʻāina. ʻO Brazil ka lua o ka wahi o nā mea hana honua āpau - 22,5 pakeneka.
A laila hiki mai ʻo Kelemania - 4,8%, ukali ʻia e Argentina - 3,8%, ukali ʻia e Palani - 3%. I ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki 2010, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o ka biodiesel a me kekahi ʻano o nā biogas i 56,4 biliona kālā. ʻElua wale nō mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka laulaha o kēia wahie, a ʻo ka nui o ka ʻai honua ma mua o 95 biliona kālā. A eia kēia e like me ka ʻikepili no 2010.
A eia kekahi mau helu helu no ka 2018:
Ua hoʻonohonoho ka European Environmental Commission i kahi pahuhopu no nā mea hana e hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahie ʻē aʻe no nā kaʻa. ʻO ka pā e pono ai nā ʻoihana ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10 pakeneka o nā kaʻa a pau e pono e holo ma biofuel.
Nā pono o ka biodiesel
ʻO ke kumu e nānā nui ai ka biodiesel ma muli o ka hoʻā ʻana o ke kaiapuni. Ma waho aʻe o kēia kumu, loaʻa i nā wahie he mau helu maikaʻi hou aʻe:
- ʻAʻole puhi ka mīkini ʻenekini i ka wā o ka hana;
- ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o CO2;
- Ua hoʻonui i nā waiwai lubricating;
- Ma muli o ke kumu maoli, he ʻala ʻokoʻa loa kona ma mua o nā huahana ʻaila;
- ʻAʻole ʻawahia, akā i kona komo ʻana i ka honua, nalowale loa kāna meheu ma hope o 20 mau lā;
- Hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hana biofuel ma kahi mahiʻai liʻiliʻi.
Nā mea maikaʻi ʻole o ka biodiesel
ʻOiai ke hoʻohiki nei ka biodiesel, he ʻano hemahema paha kēia ʻano mea kuni e hoʻohālua ai nā mea kaʻa he nui iā ia:
- Kulu i ka pono o ka anakahi uila ma kahi o 8 pakeneka;
- Hoʻoemi ka hopena me ka hoʻomaka o ka hau;
- He hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka waihona mineral ma nā ʻāpana hao;
- ʻIke ʻia kahi sediment maikaʻi (ke hoʻohana ʻia i ke anuanu), kahi e hana wikiwiki ʻole ai i nā kānana a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wahie.
- I ka wā o ka refueling, pono ʻoe e akahele, no ka mea, popopo koke ka wahie i ka pena. Inā komo i loko nā kulu, pono e hemo pono i ko lākou mau koena;
- Ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā mea olaola, he manawa pōkole loa kona (ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau mahina).
E nānā pū i kahi wikiō pōkole e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i nā biofuels.
Nā nīnau a me nā pane:
He aha ka biofuels no nā kaʻa? He huahana ia i loaʻa ma ka hui ʻana i ka bioethanol dehydrated (30-40 pakeneka) me ka ʻaila (60-70 pakeneka) a me nā mea hoʻohui anti-corrosion.
He aha nā hemahema o ka biofuels? ʻO ka hana kūʻai nui (pono ʻia kahi wahi nui no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea maka), ka hoʻopau wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻāina kahi e ulu ai nā mea kanu waiwai, nā kumukūʻai ikehu kiʻekiʻe no ka hana ʻana i ka bioethanol.
Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā biofuels? ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana kaʻa e ʻae wale i nā biofuels me 5% ʻona waiʻona. ʻO kēia ʻona waiʻona, e like me ka ʻike o nā lawelawe he nui, ʻaʻole e hōʻeha i ka kaʻa.
