He aha inā ... loaʻa iā mākou nā superconductors kiʻekiʻe? Na paa o ka manaolana

ʻO nā laina hoʻouna nalowale ʻole, ʻenekinia uila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, superelectromagnets, hoʻoemi mālie i nā miliona o ka plasma i loko o nā reactors thermonuclear, kahi kaʻa maglev mālie a wikiwiki. Nui ko mākou manaʻolana no nā superconductors ...

ʻOhana kiʻekiʻe Ua kapa ʻia ke kūlana waiwai o ka pale uila ʻole. Loaʻa kēia i kekahi mau mea ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i kēia hanana quantum Kamerling Onnes (1) i loko o ka mercury, i ka makahiki 1911. ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe i ka physics kahiko. Ma waho aʻe o ka pale ʻole, ʻo kekahi hiʻohiʻona nui o nā superconductors e hoʻokuke i ke kahua magnetic mai kona leoka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Meissner hopena (ma ke ʻano I superconductors) a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana o ke kahua magnetic i loko o nā "vortices" (i nā superconductors type II).

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā superconductors e hana wale ana i nā mahana kokoke i ka ʻole loa. Ua hōʻike ʻia he 0 Kelvin (-273,15 °C). Ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻātoma ma keia wela, aneane ole. ʻO kēia ke kī i nā superconductors. ʻO ka mea maʻamau nā electrons ʻO ka neʻe ʻana i loko o ka conductor e hui pū me nā ʻātoma haʻalulu ʻē aʻe lilo ikehu a me ke kū'ē. Eia naʻe, ʻike mākou hiki ke superconductivity i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka liʻiliʻi, ke ʻike nei mākou i nā mea e hōʻike ana i kēia hopena ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa Celsius, a i kēia manawa a hiki i ka hoʻohui. Eia naʻe, pili hou kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ka moeʻuhane nui ka hana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana ma ka lumi wela me ka ʻole o ke kaomi nui.

ʻO ke kumu kino no ke ʻano o ke kūlana superconductivity ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea lawe ukana - ka mea i kapaia Cooper. Hiki ke ala mai ia mau pai ma muli o ka hui ʻana o ʻelua mau electron me ka ikaika like. ikehu Fermi, i.e. ʻo ka ikehu liʻiliʻi e hoʻonui ai ka ikehu o kahi ʻōnaehana fermionic ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i hoʻokahi mea hou, ʻoiai inā liʻiliʻi loa ka ikehu o ka launa pū ʻana. Hoʻololi kēia i nā waiwai uila o ka mea, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea lawe hoʻokahi he fermion a ʻo nā pahu pālua.

Hui pu no laila, he ʻōnaehana ia o nā fermion ʻelua (e laʻana, nā electrons) e launa pū kekahi me nā haʻalulu o ka lattice aniani, i kapa ʻia nā phonon. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hanana Hui pū ʻo Leona i ka makahiki 1956 a he ʻāpana ia o ka manaʻo BCS o ka superconductivity haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā fermion e hana i ka hui Cooper he hapalua wili (i kuhikuhi ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe), akā ʻo ka hopena o ka milo o ka ʻōnaehana ua piha, ʻo ia hoʻi, he boson ka hui Cooper.

ʻO nā superconductors i kekahi mau mahana kekahi mau mea, no ka laʻana, cadmium, tin, aluminika, iridium, platinum, nā mea ʻē aʻe e hele i ke kūlana superconductivity wale nō ma ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa (no ka laʻana, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, lithium) a i ʻole ʻano o nā ʻāpana lahilahi (tungsten , beryllium, chromium), a ʻaʻole paha i superconducting kekahi, e like me ke kālā, ke keleawe, ke gula, nā kinoea hanohano, hydrogen, ʻoiai ʻo ke gula, ke kālā a me ke keleawe kekahi o nā conductors maikaʻi loa i ka lumi wela.

Pono ka "wela kiʻekiʻe" i nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa

I ka makahiki 1964 William A. Little manaʻo ʻia ka hiki ke noho ʻana o ka superconductivity kiʻekiʻe ma nā polimer organik. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia manaʻo ma luna o ka pairing electron-mediated exciton e kūʻē i ka pairing phonon-mediated i ka manaʻo BCS. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "superconductors kiʻekiʻe wela" e wehewehe i kahi ʻohana hou o nā ceramics perovskite-structured i ʻike ʻia e Johannes G. Bednorz a me C.A. Müller i ka makahiki 1986, nona ka makana no ka Nobel. Ua hana ʻia kēia mau superconductors seramika hou (2) mai ke keleawe a me ka oxygen i hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka lanthanum, barium a me bismuth.

2. ʻO ka pā seramika e lele ana ma luna o nā magnet ikaika

Mai ko mākou manaʻo, ua haʻahaʻa loa ka superconductivity "high-temperature". No nā kaomi maʻamau, ʻo ka palena -140 ° C, a ʻo ia mau superconductors i kapa ʻia ʻo "high-temperature". ʻO ka mahana superconductivity o -70 ° C no ka hydrogen sulfide ua hiki i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa. Eia nō naʻe, makemake nā superconductors kiʻekiʻe i ka wai hauʻoli ma mua o ka helium wai no ka hoʻoluʻu, he mea nui ia.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka seramika brittle, ʻaʻole kūpono loa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana uila.

Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ka poʻe ʻepekema aia kahi koho ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e kali ana e ʻike ʻia, kahi mea hou kupanaha e kūpono i nā pae hoʻohālike e like me superconductivity ma ka lumi welahiki ke hoohana. Ua nānā kekahi mau noiʻi i ke keleawe, kahi aniani paʻakikī i loaʻa nā ʻāpana keleawe a me nā ʻāpana oxygen. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana i kekahi mau hōʻike anomali akā ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia i ka ʻepekema e hiki ke hana i ka graphite i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka wai ma ke ʻano he superconductor ma ka lumi wela.

ʻO nā makahiki i hala iho nei he kahawai maoli o "revolutions", "breakthroughs" a me nā "mokuna hou" i ke kahua o ka superconductivity i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. I ʻOkakopa 2020, ua hōʻike ʻia ka superconductivity i ka lumi lumi (ma 15 ° C). carbon disulfide hydride (3), akā, ma ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa (267 GPa) i hana ʻia e ka laser ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka Holy Grail, kahi mea maʻalahi loa e ʻoi aku ka superconductive i ka lumi wela a me ke kaomi maʻamau.

3. Mea hoʻokele kalapona ma ka 15°C.

Ka wanaʻao o ka makahiki Magnetic

Hiki ke hoʻomaka i ka helu ʻana i nā noi o nā superconductors kiʻekiʻe me nā uila a me nā kamepiula, nā mea hoʻomanaʻo, nā mea hoʻomanaʻo, nā hoʻololi a me nā pilina, nā mea hana, nā mea hoʻonui, nā mea hoʻokele particle. ʻO ka mea aʻe ma ka papa inoa: nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ke ana ʻana i nā māla magnetic, nā voltages a i ʻole nā ​​au, nā magnets no ʻO nā mea lapaʻau MRI, nā mea hoʻopaʻa ikehu magnetic, levitating bullet trains, engines, generators, transformers and power lines. ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi nui o kēia mau manaʻo superconducting e lilo i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka wikiwiki wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki ʻikena loa.

no nā superconductors. Aia ke kumu i kūkulu pinepine ʻia ai nā mea mana ma kahi kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale paʻahana. ʻOiai he 30 pakeneka. hana ʻia e lākou Ike uila e nalowale ana ma nā laina hoʻouna. He pilikia maʻamau kēia me nā mea uila. Hele ka hapa nui o ka ikehu i ka wela. No laila, mālama ʻia kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻili o ke kamepiula no nā ʻāpana ʻoluʻolu e kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wela i hana ʻia e nā kaapuni.

Hoʻoponopono nā superconductors i ka pilikia o ka nalowale o ka ikehu no ka wela. Ma keʻano he māhele o nā hoʻokolohua, nā kānakaʻepekema, no ka laʻana, mālama i ka loaʻa kālā ʻea uila i loko o ke apo superconducting ma luna o ʻelua makahiki. A ʻaʻohe ikaika hou kēia.

ʻO ke kumu wale nō i kū ai ke au no ka loaʻa ʻole o ka helium wai, ʻaʻole no ka hiki ʻole ke kahe o ke au. ʻO kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua e alakaʻi iā mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo e hiki ke kahe nā au i nā mea superconducting no nā haneli haneli mau makahiki, inā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku. Hiki ke kahe mau loa ka uila i nā superconductors, e hoʻoili i ka ikehu no ka manuahi.

в ʻaʻohe kūʻē Hiki i ke au nui ke kahe ma o ka uea superconducting, ka mea i hoʻoulu i nā māla magnetic o ka mana kupaianaha. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoneʻe i nā kaʻaahi maglev (4), hiki ke piʻi i ka wikiwiki a hiki i 600 km/h. nā mākēneki superconducting. A i ʻole e hoʻohana iā lākou i nā mea kanu mana, e hoʻololi i nā ʻano kuʻuna e wili ai nā turbines i nā māla magnetic e hoʻohua i ka uila. Hiki i nā magnet superconducting ikaika ke kōkua i ke kāohi ʻana i ka hopena fusion. Hiki i kahi uea superconducting ke hana ma ke ʻano he mea mālama ikehu kūpono, ma mua o ka pākaukau, a e mālama ʻia ka mea hiki i ka ʻōnaehana no hoʻokahi tausani a me hoʻokahi miliona mau makahiki.

Ma nā lolouila quantum, hiki iā ʻoe ke kahe i ka uaki a i ʻole i ka ʻaoʻao i ka superconductor. He ʻumi ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻenekini moku a me nā kaʻa ma mua o ko kēia mau lā, a kūpono nā mīkini diagnostic MRI ma ka poho o kou lima. ʻOhi ʻia mai nā mahiʻai ma nā wao nahele ākea a puni ka honua, hiki ke mālama ʻia ka ikehu lā a hoʻoili ʻia me ka ʻole o ka pohō.

4. Ke kaʻaahi maglev Iapana

Wahi a ka physicist a kaulana kaulana o ka ʻepekema, KakuʻO nā ʻenehana e like me nā superconductor e hoʻolauna i kahi au hou. Inā mākou e noho nei i ke au o ka uila, e lawe mai nā superconductors i ka lumi wela i ke au o ka magnetism.