Ke kamaʻilio nei kekahi kanaka i nā mea hana a me ka hope

Nā mea

Mai ke kelepona a i ke kikowaena
He Moolelo Pokole o ka GUI
UNIX a ʻaʻole UNIX
Mobile wehe nenoai a me ke kikowaena hooponopono
Welina mai i ka zoo ʻōnaehana hana
Digital ʻOiaʻiʻo OS
Nānā o nā ʻano ʻōnaehana hana like ʻole

Ua kūkulu ʻia nā haneli o lākou. Toni o nā mana a me nā māhele. ʻO kekahi o lākou he mau niche curiosities, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe e kekahi, akā he mea koʻikoʻi lākou no ka mea ke kuleana lākou i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka kamepiula a me ka ʻoihana pūnaewele. ʻOiai ka lehulehu, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau mana i kēlā me kēia māhele mākeke.

e holo nei ma kāu kamepiula. Mālama ʻo ia i ka hoʻomanaʻo, nā kaʻina hana, a me kāna lako polokalamu a me nā lako. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kamaʻilio me ke kamepiula me ka ʻike ʻole i ka "ʻōlelo" o ka mīkini. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, nui nā polokalamu like ʻole e holo ana ma ka hāmeʻa i ka manawa like, a pono e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o lākou ke komo i ke kikowaena kikowaena kikowaena (CPU), ka hoʻomanaʻo, a me ka waiho ʻana. pae'ōnaehana nenoaiu hoʻonohonoho i nā mea a pau, hāʻawi i kēlā me kēia papahana i kāna mea e pono ai. Me ka ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana hana, ʻaʻole hiki i ka polokalamu ke launa pū me ka ʻenehana, a make ʻole ke kamepiula.

Mea hoʻohana a nā polokalamu noi loaʻa i nā lawelawe i hāʻawi ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana hana ma o nā kelepona ʻōnaehana a me nā interface hoʻonohonoho polokalamu. Pili lākou me ka ʻōnaehana hana o ke kamepiula. от nā laina kauoha (KLI) nā kiʻi kiʻi mea hoʻohana i kapa ʻia ʻo GUI (e nānā pū: ). I ka pōkole, hiki i kahi ʻōnaehana hana ke hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻohana e launa pū me nā ʻōnaehana kamepiula ma o ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he kikowaena ma waena o nā mea hoʻohana a i ʻole nā polokalamu noi a me nā lako kamepiula.

1. Logos o nā ʻōnaehana hana kaulana loa

OS (1) hiki ke loaʻa ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia mea me kāu kamepiula - mai kelepona paʻa lima i console pāʻani po nā kamepiula nui i nā kikowaena pūnaewele. ʻO nā laʻana o nā ʻōnaehana hana kaulana o kēia wā: Android, iOS, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, a i ʻole z/OS mai IBM. ʻO kēia mau ʻōnaehana a pau, me ka ʻokoʻa o Windows a me / a me z / OS, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo UNIX. I kēia mau lā, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ka papapihi a me nā platform mobile, ʻaʻole lanakila ʻo Windows, akā (2).

2. Hoʻololi i ka māhele o ka mākeke honua no nā ʻōnaehana hana i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa e like me StatCounter

3. Hoʻololi i ka māhele mākeke honua o nā ʻōnaehana hana papapihi i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala, e like me StatCounter.

4. Hoʻololi i ka māhele mākeke honua o nā ʻōnaehana hana i ka makahiki i hala ma nā polokalamu kelepona, e like me StatCounter

5. Māhele o nā ʻano ʻōnaehana hana ma ka mākeke server ma 2018

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hana kaulana ʻekolu no nā kamepiula pilikino: ʻO Microsoft Windows,, ʻO Apple Mac OS X i Linux, nona ka mahele e fluctuates ma kahi o 1-2%. (3) Ma waena o nā polokalamu kelepona, ʻoi aku ka Android ma luna o Apple's IOS, aia ma ka lua o ka wahi me kahi māhele mākeke e ulu nei (4). A ma ka mākeke kikowaena honua, kokoke i ka hapalua o lākou nā huahana Microsoft, ʻoiai ke hāʻule mālie nei kēia pakeneka, a me ka laha ʻana o Red Hat Linux, ʻo kēia mau ʻōnaehana ʻelua e pili ana i ka 4/5 o kēia mākeke (5).

Mai ke kelepona a i ke kikowaena

Ua hana ʻo Microsoft ʻōnaehana hana Windows i ka waena o 80s. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma ka MS-DOS kernel, i ka manawa i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka luna polokalamu no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā noi. A laila, me ka hōʻano hou nui mua ma 1987, a ukali ʻia e Windows 3.0. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua lilo ka mana hou, ʻo Windows 95, ka ʻōnaehana hana mana. Wahi a ka poʻe akamai, ʻaʻole i loli nui ka ʻōnaehana o Microsoft ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā kumu mai ka Windows 95, ʻoiai ua hoʻohui ia i kahi nui o nā hiʻohiʻona e hoʻokō i nā pono kamepiula hou. ʻO ka nui o nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā ua puni mai ka makahiki 90, e like me ka papa kuhikuhi hoʻomaka, ka papa hana, a me Windows Explorer (i kapa ʻia ʻo "Explorer" i kēia manawa).

Ua hana ʻia i nā makahiki he nui he nui nā mana like ʻole o Windows. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o lākou Windows 7 (hoʻokuʻu ʻia 2009) Windows Vista (Xnumx) a Windows XP (2001). Hoʻokomo mua ʻia ʻo Windows ma ka hapa nui nā PC houʻo ia ke kumu nui o kona noho aliʻi ʻana ma ka honua. Hiki i ka mea hoʻohana ke kūʻai i PC a i ʻole kamepiula a hoʻomaikaʻi paha i ka Windows ma kā lākou kamepiula ke koho mai nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana, me ka Home Premium, oihana ole ʻO ka hope loa.

Pela no na kanaka a pau nā kamepiula Macintosh hou ole ʻO Poppy i hoʻokomo mua ʻia ma ka hale hana mai 2002. ʻōnaehana hana ʻo Apple, i kēia manawa i ʻike ʻia ʻo MacOS (ʻo OS X ma mua a me Mac OS X pū kekahi). ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hana ʻo Apple he ʻohana o nā ʻōnaehana hana UNIX kahiko i loaʻa ma nā kamepiula Apple i hoʻokomo mua ʻia mai ka makahiki 2002. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka inoa o ka ʻōnaehana ma 2016 ma ka hālāwai WWDC ma muli o ka pono e hoʻohui i nā inoa i hoʻohana ʻia e Apple no kā lākou ʻōnaehana hana (no laila, ʻo macOS kahi ʻāpana o kahi pūʻulu: iOS, watchOS, tvOS, etc.).

Ma waho aʻe UNIX kahiko Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana Apple hou ʻōnaehana NeXTStep i ka hapa lua o nā 80s, kūʻai ʻia e Apple me ka mea hana NeXT ma 1996. ʻO ka mana hope loa o kēlā ʻōnaehana kamepiula Macintosh "maʻamau" ʻo Mac OS 9. Ma 2006, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mana mua no nā x86 Mac hou. – Mac OS X 10.4. I ka makahiki 2005, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mana mua i kūpono loa me ke kolu o ka mana o ka Uniform UNIX Specification - Mac OS X 10.5, e holo ana ma PowerPC a me x86 "mac" me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana i kapa ʻia. Binary Universal, he ʻano waihona hoʻokō e holo ana ma nā hale kiʻi ʻelua. Ma muli o kēia mana, ua hana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana iOS (iPhone OS mua), ka ʻōnaehana hana o Apple Inc.. no nā polokalamu kelepona iPhone, iPod touch a me iPad. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻōnaehana / ʻōnaehana hana o Apple ma mua o Windows.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻohana. Linux, e hoʻokomo i nā ʻōnaehana hana, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia a hāʻawi hou ʻia e kekahi ma nā wahi āpau o ka honua. He ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā polokalamu proprietary e like me Windows, hiki ke hoʻololi wale ʻia e ka hui nona ia. Pono Linux ʻo ia ka "polokalamu manuahi" a he nui nā māhele like ʻole (versions) kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke koho i ka mea i kūpono i kou pono. He ʻokoʻa ka nānā a me ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia māhele. ʻO nā māhele kaulana loa i ʻike ʻia ʻo: Ubuntu, Mint a me Fedora. Kapa ʻia ʻo Linux ma hope o ka inoa ʻohana Linus Torvaldsnāna i hana i ka Linux kernel i ka makahiki 1991.

Ua māhele mua ʻia ʻo Linux ma lalo o ka GNU General Public License ma 1992. Ua ulu ʻo ia mai nā laina mua o ka code kumu i kona hoʻokuʻu mua ʻana a i ʻoi aku ma mua o iwakālua miliona mau laina i kēia lā. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana e kekahi no kā lākou hana ponoʻī. No laila loaʻa iā mākou he mau haneli o nā ʻōnaehana hana Linuxkapa ʻia he mahele. He mea paʻakikī kēia koho ma waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ke koho ʻana i kahi mana ʻōnaehana.

He ʻano like ʻole o nā māhele Linux ʻoluʻolu loa e loaʻa i nā mea a pau kahi mea i kūpono i kā lākou makemake a makemake. No ka laʻana, aia nā mana e hoʻohālike i ka Windows XP kaulana. Aia kekahi mau ʻono kūikawā ʻē aʻe o Linux, e like me nā hāʻawi ʻana i hoʻolālā ʻia e hāʻawi i ke ola hou i nā kamepiula kahiko, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a i ʻole nā puʻina ultra-secure e hiki ai. holo mai ka USB drive. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he nui nā mana o Linux no ka holo ʻana i nā kikowaena a me nā noi ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo nā mea hoʻohana Linux iā Ubuntu ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaka maikaʻi. He ʻōnaehana maʻalahi loa kēia (ʻoiai ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Windows), akā i ka manawa like a me ka multifunctional. poe akamai i ka lolouila.

, he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā lolouila papapihi a me nā laptops, no laila holo lākou ma nā ʻōnaehana hana i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā polokalamu kelepona. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hana no nā polokalamu kelepona i ka laulā o nā hiʻohiʻona e like me nā mea i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā papapihi a i ʻole kamepiula a ʻaʻole hiki ke holo i nā papahana āpau i ʻike ʻia no nā PC. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā mea he nui me lākou, e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, heʻenalu i ka Pūnaewele, mālama i kāu kalena, pāʻani pāʻani, a me nā mea hou aku.

Aia kekahi ʻōnaehana hana no nā kikowaena, ʻo ia hoʻi. kaumaha a kaumaha keu aku. He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena ʻōnaehana lawelawe kikowaena a ʻōnaehana hana no ka mea hoʻohana maʻamau? Hiki i kahi ʻōnaehana hana "maʻamau" ke holo i nā polokalamu e like me MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel, a me nā papahana kiʻi, nā mea pāʻani wikiō, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ia i nā pilina LAN a me Bluetooth a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi ʻōnaehana lawelawe kikowaena.

Pūnaehana lawelawe kikowaena ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai no kekahi kumu. ʻO kāna misionari ka ʻae ʻana i nā pilina palena ʻole i nā mea hoʻohana, hāʻawi i nā kumuwaiwai hoʻomanaʻo nui aʻe, a hana ma ke ʻano he kikowaena honua no nā pūnaewele, leka uila, a me nā waihona. Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana kikowaena ke loaʻa i nā papapihi he nui no ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka pūnaewele a ʻaʻole no ka mea hoʻohana hoʻokahi.

Nā ʻōnaehana hana no nā mea IoT

ʻO Kontiki - Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hana open source i ka makahiki 2002, i kālele nui ʻia i nā microcontrollers pūnaewele haʻahaʻa a me nā mea IoT.

Nā mea Android - Hana ʻia e Google. ʻO Brillo kona inoa mua. Kākoʻo ia i nā ʻenehana Bluetooth a me Wi-Fi.

haunaele - he kaiaulu hoʻomohala nui a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma lalo o ka GNU Lesser General Public License. No laila, kapa ʻia ʻo RIOT ka Linux o ka honua IoT.

Apache minuke - like me ka ʻōnaehana hana RIOT. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma lalo o ka laikini Apache 2.0. Hana i ka manawa maoli. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā microcontrollers, nā ʻenehana IoT ʻenehana a me nā mea lapaʻau.

LiteOS - ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka ʻenehana loea Kina Huawei ma 2015. Manaʻo ʻia he palekana a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia.

Zephyr - ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma 2016 e ka Linux Foundation. ʻO ka hoʻohui maʻalahi o nā mea IoT like ʻole ua lilo kēia ʻōnaehana hana i mea kaulana loa i ka honua.

nahu ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana hana nui o Ubuntu IoT. Ma muli o ke kaiāulu ʻo Ubuntu, hōʻoiaʻiʻo ia i ka palekana ikaika no nā polokalamu IoT.

OS liʻiliʻi - Ua hoʻokuʻu mua ʻia i ka makahiki 2000. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana hana kahiko loa no nā polokalamu IoT. Hoʻohana nui ia i nā pūnaewele ʻike uila.

Pūnaewele Pūnaewele ʻo Windows - i ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Windows Embedded. Ua hoʻololi ʻia i Windows IoT me ka hiki ʻana mai o Windows 10.

ʻO Raspbian he ʻōnaehana hana ʻo Debian no ka Raspberry Pi wale nō. Ua like ka kernel me ka Unix kernel.

Freertas he ʻōnaehana hana open source no nā microcontrollers. Hoʻohana ia i ka lawelawe kapuaʻi Amazon i.e. AWS.

Komo ʻia ʻo Linux - Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hana Linux i kēia mana no nā TV akamai, nā mea ala uila (Wi-Fi), etc.

He Moolelo Pokole o ka GUI

Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā kānaka ʻōnaehanai kau ʻia ma kā lākou kamepiula ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana iā ia, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki ke hoʻololi, hoʻonui a hoʻololi paha. Hoʻohana nā ʻōnaehana hana hou i kahi mea hoʻohana kiʻi kiʻi a i ʻole GUI e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kāu ʻiole a i ʻole touchpad e kaomi i nā kiʻi, nā pihi, a me nā menus, a hōʻike ʻia nā mea āpau ma ka pale me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi a me nā kikokikona. Ma mua o ka GUI, he laina kauoha ka mea hoʻohana, a pono ka mea hoʻohana e hoʻokomo i kēlā me kēia kauoha i loko o ke kamepiula, a hōʻike wale ka mīkini i nā kikokikona.

ʻO ka mea hoʻohana kiʻi kiʻi mua o ka honua i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka Apple System 1 i Ianuali 1984. ʻO Windows 1, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i Nowemapa aʻe, hāʻawi pū kekahi i kahi GUI, kahi 16-bit graphical user interface. I kēlā manawa, ma waho o Apple, ua hōʻike ʻia nā prototypes o nā kaiapuni kiʻi e nā hui ʻē aʻe, e like me VisiCorp ma COMDEX i 1982, a ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hana ʻana i ka Windows GUI he hopohopo. ʻO Bill Gates no ka nalowale o nā kūlana ma ka mākeke IBM PC.

ʻO kāna interface, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manaʻo ʻōnaehana hana Windows hilinaʻi ma luna Hoʻomaka Menui hoʻokomo mua ʻia ma Windows 95 (1995) 6. Pihi hoʻomaka i Hoʻomaka Menu me kahi hoʻolaha hoʻolaha e huki i nā mea hoʻohana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kahi papahana hou. I ka puka ʻana o Windows 2012 i ka makahiki 8, ua nalowale ke pihi a ua lawe koke ʻia ka mea hoʻohana i ka pale hoʻomaka piha, i hoʻolālā ʻia e kūpono me nā hāmeʻa touchscreen hou. Hoʻomaka ka pale Start i nā kiʻi app a me nā tile hiki iā ʻoe ke kaomi, e like me ka Apple bar, ma mua o ka papa inoa o nā koho ʻōnaehana a me nā papahana i hoʻohana ʻia e Windows no ka papa hoʻomaka i nā makahiki i hala.

6. Ke hoʻohana nei i ke pihi hoʻomaka Windows

I ka makahiki 2013 aia Manao Windows 8.1nāna i hoʻihoʻi mai i ka pihi hoʻomaka e maʻalahi i nā mea kūʻai aku o Microsoft e hoʻohana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaka. Ma 2014, Windows 10 hoʻihoʻi i ka pihi hoʻomaka aloha a me ka papa kuhikuhi hoʻomaka no ka maikaʻi.

Ua ʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻohana ʻO kā Apple doc ua hoʻolauna ʻia i ka makahiki 2000 me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Mac OS X i kapa ʻia ʻo Cheetah. Ma mua o ka makahiki 2000, ua hoʻohana nā mea hoʻohana o ka ʻōnaehana hana Apple i ka papa kuhikuhi papa luna e hoʻomaka a koho i nā polokalamu, a e hoʻololi i nā noi e holo nei. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana X 10.5, ʻike ʻia hoʻi Leopard, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ʻOkakopa 2007, ua hoʻolālā hou ʻia ʻo Dock (7) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona like a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā.

UNIX a ʻaʻole UNIX

ʻōnaehana Windows, Mac OS i nā māhele Linux like ʻole (me ka Android no kēia ʻohana) - ʻaʻole kēia ka mea a ka mākeke e hāʻawi ai. Pono e hoʻomaopopoʻia he nui nā huahana likeʻole o kēia ao e pili ana kekahi i kekahi ma kekahiʻano a iʻole kekahi; no ka laʻana, hoʻohālike ʻia ʻo Linux ma hope o ka ʻōnaehana UNIX kahiko i hoʻomohala ʻia e Bell Labs mai ka hopena o 60s. Hele mai nā ʻōnaehana Apple hou mai UNIX. No laila, aia kahi pūnaewele o nā pilina, akā nui nā mea polokalamu, ʻoi aku ka poʻe i hana i kēia mau ʻōnaehana, e hoʻāʻo e ʻike ʻole iā lākou he "mea like" a hoʻoikaika i nā ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka inoa ʻo Linux ponoʻī he acronym no "Linux Is Not UniX". ʻO ia ke ʻano he like ʻo Linux me UNIX, akā ua hoʻomohala ʻia me ka ʻole o ke code Unix, ʻaʻole like, no ka laʻana, BSD() a me kāna mau ʻano.

ʻO kahi laʻana o ia ʻōnaehana pili akā ʻokoʻa Chrome OS, hana ʻia e Google, ʻo ka hana nui o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolana i nā polokalamu pūnaewele. Loaʻa ia ma nā laptops maʻalahi a me ka pipiʻi. ʻIke ʻia nā kamepiula i kau mua ʻia me Chrome OS ma ka mākeke chromebooks.

Ua kapa ʻia kekahi o nā mamo o ka BSD ma luna FreeBSD (ʻewalu). Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mana mua o ka ʻōnaehana ma 8. Aia i kēia manawa ʻelua mau mana paʻa i loaʻa a kākoʻo ʻia: 1993 a me 11.4. Ua hiki mai ka inoa FreeBSD David Greenman mai ka CD Walnut Creek i kākoʻo i ka papahana mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana. ʻO ka mascot FreeBSD mana ka daimonio, ʻo ka ʻōlelo kūhelu "The Power to Serve". Ma muli o kona kūpono a me ka hilinaʻi, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kikowaena a i ʻole firewall. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo FreeBSD, no ka laʻana. ma o Apache.org, Netflix, Flight-Aware, Yahoo!, Yandex, Netcraft, Sony Playstation 4, WhatsApp.

He ʻōnaehana hana i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka home (mana maʻalahi, multimedia) a me nā noi keʻena Syllable. Ua hana ʻia ma Iulai 2002 e like me he lālā o ka ʻōnaehana AtheOSi haʻalele ʻia e kāna mea kākau ʻo Kurt Skauen. ʻO ka kernel a me ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana, e like me ka papahana AtheOS, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e Pūnaehana AmigaOS.

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ReactOS he clone o Windows, he ʻōnaehana ʻano kamepiula pilikino manuahi e pili pū ana me nā mana like ʻole o Windows. Loaʻa i nā manaʻo manaʻo ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā polokalamu Windows a me nā mea hoʻokele, a me nā polokalamu OS/2, Java, a me POSIX.

Ua kākau ʻia ʻo ReactOS ma Ca me kekahi mau mea e like me ReactOS Explorer ma C++. Ua ʻōlelo nā mea hoʻomohala o ReactOS ʻaʻole ia he clone o Windows. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo ReactOS mai 1996. I ka makahiki 2019, ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻano alpha piha ʻole o ka polokalamu, no laila ua ʻōlelo wale nā mea hoʻomohala no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. Nui nā polokalamu Windows e like me Adobe Reader 6.0 a me OpenOffice i kēia manawa e holo nei ma luna.

ʻAʻole ʻike nā kānaka a pau Solaris he ʻōnaehana hana UNIX i hoʻokumu mua ʻia e Sun Microsystems i ka waena o 90s, akā ua kapa hou ʻia i ka makahiki 2010 i Oracle Solaris ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o Sun Microsystems e Oracle. Ua ʻike ʻia no kona scalability a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe i hiki ai i nā noi hoihoi.

Nui nā ʻōnaehana hana i koʻikoʻi i ko lākou mau lā akā ʻaʻole i like me AmigaOS; OS/2 mai IBM a me Microsoft, Mac OS maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi. non-Unix mua i Apple MacOS, BeOS, XTS-300, RISC OS, MorphOS, Haiku, Bare-Metal a me FreeMint. Hoʻohana mau ʻia kekahi o lākou i nā mākeke niche a hoʻomau ʻia e hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke ʻano he wahi liʻiliʻi no ka poʻe hoihoi a me ke kaiāulu hoʻomohala noi.

OpenVMS hana ʻia ma DEK ʻo ia nō. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hana ʻē aʻe ma kahi o ke kula e aʻo ai i nā ʻōnaehana hana a i ʻole e noiʻi i nā manaʻo OS. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau o kahi ʻōnaehana hana ʻelua MINIX. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, i kapa ʻia hoʻokahi, hoʻohana wale ʻia no ka noiʻi. Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻo Oberon ma ETH Zurich Nicholas Virtha, ʻO Yurga Gutknehta a he pūʻulu o nā haumāna i nā makahiki 80, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka noiʻi, aʻo a me ka hana i kēlā me kēia lā ma ka hui Wirth. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kekahi mau ʻōnaehana hana ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka māhele mākeke koʻikoʻi i hoʻolauna i nā mea hou i hoʻoikaika i nā hoʻomohala alakaʻi. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻokolohua ʻo Bell Labs.

like nō ia nā ʻōnaehana hana like ʻole no nā paepae ʻē aʻe ma waho o nā PC, nā kelepona a me nā papa. I loko o nā makahiki, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hoʻonā ʻokoʻa no nā TV akamai, nā kaʻa, nā wati, ka Internet of Things (9), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻo kahi laʻana Pūnaehana lawelawe Android TV OS ʻAʻole like ia me ka mea i loaʻa iā mākou ma ke kelepona. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokomo i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa, no ka laʻana, hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole, me nā hoʻonohonoho he nui no ka mea hoʻokahi, no ka mea, ʻo nā ʻōnaehana uila i nā kaʻa he mau kakini o nā kaʻina hana. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana (ma kēia hihia, ka microcontroller) he ʻōnaehana hana ʻokoʻa (a i ʻole like) a ʻaʻole loa.

9. Pūnaehana hana no ka Internet of Things

Mobile wehe nenoai a me ke kikowaena hooponopono

Ma kahi o 15 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka mākeke kamaʻilio kelepona. Pūnaehana Symbian, i kēia lā ʻo ia ka mōʻaukala o ka OS, e like me PalmOS, webOS. I kēia manawa, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka mākeke ʻōnaehana kelepona e Android, kahi polokalamu wehe a manuahi i hoʻomohala ʻia e Google e loaʻa ana ka ʻōnaehana hana nui, middleware a me nā noi nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā polokalamu kelepona.

Linux kernel a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻololi ʻia no ka Android ma lalo o ka GNU GPL. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka Android code mai ka papahana GNU. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka Android mai nā māhele Linux ʻē aʻe i kēia lā. Ua paʻi mua ʻia nā mea hou o ka ʻōnaehana hana Android ma lalo o nā inoa pili i ka meaʻai (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich). No ʻelua makahiki i kēia manawa, ua helu wale ʻia nā mana Android i ka lālani.

ʻo ka lua He polokalamu kelepona ʻo iOS, he huahana Apple no iPhone, iPod touch, a me nā polokalamu kelepona iPad. Ua paʻa ka inoa o kēia manawa mai ka makahiki 2010. Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka ʻōnaehana ʻ OSlelo OS. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana ma ʻO Mac OS X 10.5. Loaʻa ʻo iOS ma nā polokalamu Apple no ka mea ʻaʻole laikini ka hui i ka ʻōnaehana hana no nā polokalamu mai nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā polokalamu āpau e Apple Inc. a mahele ʻia mai kahi waihona hoʻokahi () ma waena o ka AppStore me kahi hōʻailona hōʻoia cryptographic pono. ʻO kēia kŘkohu hoʻohele, ʻoiai ua hoʻomalu ʻia ke kikowaena, ʻae ka pale ʻana i ka laha ʻana o ka polokalamu kiloʻino, hoʻoponopono maikaʻi a hoʻonui a no laila kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe ʻole o ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi no nā mea hoʻohana āpau.

'O Windows Mobile he ʻōnaehana lawelawe kelepona Microsoft i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kelepona paʻalima a me nā polokalamu kelepona − me nā pale lima a me ka ʻole o lākou. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hana Mobile ma ka Windows CE 5.2 kernel.

ʻO Windows Mobile kahi ʻōnaehana hana i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā PDA PocketPC, PDA a me nā smartphones. ʻO ka mea pani i ka moʻo Windows Mobile ʻo Windows Phone, i hoʻolauna ʻia ma Kepakemapa 27, 2011. I ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻi ʻo Microsoft i kona inoa mua me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Windows 10 Mobile operating system, akā ʻaʻole pili kēia ʻōnaehana i ka ʻohana Windows Mobile, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka kernel Windows CE. No ka Windows 10 ʻohana ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hana ʻana i kahi kahua honua i kapa ʻia ʻo Universal Windows Platform.

ʻO kekahi ʻōnaehana i ʻike ʻia ma ka mākeke OS mobile BlackBerryOS, he ʻōnaehana hana paʻa ponoʻī i hoʻomohala ʻia e Research In Motion no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā polokalamu paʻa lima BlackBerry kaulana i nā makahiki he nui aku nei. kahua BlackBerry Ua kaulana i nā mea hoʻohana ʻoihana no ka mea, ke hui pū ʻia me ka BlackBerry Enterprise Server, hāʻawi ia i ka hui pū me Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell GroupWise leka uila, a me nā polokalamu ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.

Aia kekahi mau noi i ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me Bada, ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hana Samsung no nā kelepona paʻalimai hoʻomaka ʻia i ka makahiki 2010. ʻO ka polokalamu kelepona mua i hoʻohana iā ia ʻo ka Samsung Wave. ʻōnaehana hana keia ma ka huli Hoʻolaha Linux, ua hana ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka māhele Moblin (i hana ʻia e Intel) a Nā kūlana (Sponsored by Nokia) no nā polokalamu kelepona like ʻole a me nā noi e like me nā kaʻa, nā moku moku, nā kelepona, nā netbook a me nā papa. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o ke kelepona paʻalima mua me MeeGo v1.2, Nokia N9, i mālama ʻia ma Iune 21, 2011.

Welina mai i ka zoo ʻōnaehana hana

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ke hoʻonui nei nā ʻōnaehana hana. Kū aʻe lākou a hoʻololi, lālā i nā mana hou, ʻoi aku ka pili ʻana i nā ʻohana a me Nā hanauna o Linuxe hoʻokō i nā pono like ʻole o nā ʻoihana. Ma ke ʻano o kēia hoʻololi paʻakikī a me nā lālā he nui, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau hana kumu, inā ʻaʻole ʻē aʻe.

ʻO kēlā ʻano mea ʻē, no ka laʻana. TempleOS, ma mua o J Operating System, SparrowOS a me LoseThos - māmā ʻōnaehana hana Baibala. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia e kekahi mea polokalamu ʻAmelika e like me ke kolu o ka luakini i wānana ʻia ma ka Baibala. Terriego A. Davis. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Davis ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona ʻōnaehana e like me 640x480 pixel resolution, 16-color display, a me nā mana leo i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e ke Akua. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻano kumu mua o ka ʻōlelo C (i kapa ʻia ʻo HolyC) a ua hoʻokomo ʻia, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi simulator lele, kahi mea hoʻohui, a me kahi kernel.

Ua uhi ʻia kahi lewa like ʻole i ka post-apocalyptic OS Collapse, i hana ʻia e Virgil Dupras. Hāʻawi kēia ʻōnaehana hana hoʻonohonoho o nā polokalamu hoʻopuka hou i hoʻokomo ponoʻī i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, a me nā hana ʻē aʻe he nui. ʻO ka hana nui o ka ʻōnaehana ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma kahi ākea o nā mea hana kahiko e hiki ke ola ma hope o ka cataclysm honua.

Nā hoʻolālā kumu ʻē aʻe, Hoops, i manaʻo ʻia e hana hou i ka ʻike i kamaʻāina i nā mea hoʻohana o nā mīkini Amiga kahiko ma nā PC hou. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e ulu ana, ua ʻoi aku ka polokalamu ma mua o ka mea mua, a lilo i huahana kumu me ka pili liʻiliʻi i nā lā aloha o nā kamepiula.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo North Korea e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia iho mai ka honua waho. Pili no hoi keia polokalamu. Nā kamepiula i ka DNR-D ʻAʻole lākou e hana ma nā ʻōnaehana Windows a i ʻole Apple, akā ma Red Star (Pulgunbyol). Ua kūkulu ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana hana UNIX ma laila ma ka National Computer Center a aia kekahi polokalamu kele pūnaewele i hoʻololi ʻia e pili ana iā Firefoxhiki iā ʻoe ke komo i ka pūnaewele hou, kahi hoʻoponopono kikokikona, a me nā pāʻani. Loaʻa iā Red Star nā hiʻohiʻona e like me kahi ʻōnaehana wai e hōʻailona ai i nā faila āpau me kahi helu serial hoʻonohonoho kūʻokoʻa i hiki ke ʻimi ʻia, a me ke komo ʻana i hope no nā keʻena naʻauao Korea.

Ua hapai ia e like me ʻōnaehana Sabili, i ʻike ʻia ʻo "Ubuntu Muslim Edition". ʻO Sabily kāna mahele Linux ponoʻī. i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 2007 e lawelawe i nā mea hoʻohana Muslim. Ma waho aʻe o nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i hāʻawi ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana hana, ua komo ʻo Sabily i ke kākoʻo ʻōlelo Arabic ma waho o ka pahu. Hāʻawi ka ʻōnaehana hana i kekahi mau papahana kūʻokoʻa, e like me kahi ikona e kāhea ana i ke kāhea Muslim i ka pule i nā manawa he nui i ka lā, a i ʻole. Zakat Calc e kōkua ana i ka mea hoʻohana e hoʻoholo i ka nui o nā manawaleʻa pono. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana Sabily i ka makahiki 2011 akā aia ma ArchiveOS.

Piha i ka quirks Linux pepehi kanakaka mea, ma hope o ke komo ʻana i kahi kauoha i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka maʻamau Linux, hoʻohālikelike i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he "hoʻopaʻi". A i ʻole PonyOS, he ʻōnaehana hoʻonanea i kūkulu ʻia mai ka honua a no ka poʻe pā My Little Pony ma muli o kahi ʻōnaehana pohihihi ʻē aʻe, ʻo Toaru. Ma waho aʻe o kahi interface piha i nā ponies nani, hāʻawi ʻo PonyOS i hoʻokahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi - rotating GUI windows me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou kuʻuna a me ka neʻe ʻana.

Digital ʻOiaʻiʻo OS

Aia kēia i ko mākou manawa. A mākaukau nā ʻōnaehana hana no ia. Ua hoʻolaha ka hui ʻAmelika ʻo Veritone i ʻApelila 2020 ua kūleʻa ʻo ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka honua mua. ʻO kāna huahana i kapa ʻia ʻo "aiWARE" holo AI algorithms ma kahi o nā papahana. Default aiWARE e pili ana i ka haʻiʻōlelo, kikokikona, leo, kiʻi, biometrics, ʻikepili ʻikepili, hoʻololi ʻikepili a me nā mea hou aku. No laila, no ka laʻana, ua kūkulu ʻia ka hana kōkua leo i loko o nā polokalamu kuʻuna a loaʻa i kahi noi ʻokoʻa.

Mai ka naʻauao hana, ʻike ʻōlelo a i ʻole kiʻi, nā mea kōkua virtual i Nā ʻenehana Ke hoʻomaka nei ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mīkini kūlohelohe i kēia lā i kahi kaiapuni hou e hiki ai i ke kanaka hou ke neʻe, ola, hana, kūʻai, pāʻani a me nā mea hou aku, ke ulu nei ka manaʻo o ka "operating system" a neʻe mālie mai ka honua o nā kamepiula. a me nā polokalamu kamepiula ʻē aʻe wale nō no ko kākou kaiapuni, ka puni a me ka honua a kākou e noho nei i kēlā me kēia lā.

Aia anei ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka "pūnaewele hana o ka honua", ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā hoʻonā e hoʻonohonoho i kahi mea ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hana o ka lako polokalamu a me ka lako? E hōʻoia koke nā ʻōnaehana hana hou i ka pilina a me ka hana maʻalahi o nā mea o ka virtual, mīkini a me ka honua maoli? ʻO ia ʻōnaehana e hoʻokaʻawale ʻaʻole wale i nā kumuwaiwai computing o ka mea hana, akā ke komo pū i ko mākou ʻike, nānā a me nā mana cognitive, i.e. i ko kakou lolo.

Nānā o nā ʻano ʻōnaehana hana like ʻole

ʻŌnaehana hana manawa maoli (ʻōnaehana hana manawa maoli, RTOS) - e hoʻokō i nā koi no ka manawa hoʻokō o nā hana i makemake ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia ia mau ʻōnaehana e like me nā mea o nā ʻōnaehana mana kamepiula e hana ana i ka manawa maoli. Wahi a kēia criterion, ua māhele ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hana manawa maoli i ʻelua ʻano:

paakiki, i.e. nā mea i ʻike ʻia ka manawa pane maikaʻi loa (nui loa) a ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole e hoʻonui ʻia;
palupalu, ʻo ia hoʻi. ka poʻe e hoʻāʻo e pane koke i ka hiki, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka manawa pane.

I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hana manawa maoli, pono e hoʻoholo i kahi o nā kaʻina e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kahi kaʻina hana a pehea ka lōʻihi o nā kaʻina hana a pau e hoʻokō i ko lākou mau palena manawa. Hoʻopili ʻia ka puka ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana hana o kēia ʻano, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka pono o nā mea kaua i ka mana missile manawa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana hana i ka ʻoihana kīwila, a mālama pū lākou i nā mea like me ke kelepona kelepona, NASA Mars landers, a me ABSs automotive. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana ʻo Windows CE, OS-9, Symbian a me LynxOS.

Ma ke ala o ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ka mea hoʻohana, ʻokoʻa mākou:

Pūnaehana kikokikona - kamaʻilio e hoʻohana ana i nā kauoha i hoʻopuka ʻia mai ka laina kauoha a i ʻole, mai ka laina kauoha (no ka laʻana, UNIX, MS-DOS).
Pūnaehana kiʻi - kamaʻilio me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā puka aniani a me nā hōʻailona (GUI). Hoʻomalu ʻia ke kamepiula me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cursor iole (no ka laʻana, ka ʻohana MS Windows, Mac OS).

Ma ka hoʻolālā, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hana i:

ʻōnaehana kumu hoʻokahi. ʻO kēia nā ʻōnaehana monolithic o ka hoʻolālā maʻalahi. Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana ke hana i hoʻokahi hana i ka manawa. Hoʻokahi wale nō polokalamu hiki ke holo i ka manawa (no ka laʻana, MS-DOS).
Pūnaehana hana nui (nui hana). ʻO kēia nā ʻōnaehana multi-level me kahi hoʻonohonoho hierarchical o nā kauoha ʻōnaehana. Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana ke hana i nā hana he nui i ka manawa like (no ka laʻana, e hoʻomalu i ke kaʻina paʻi ʻoiai e hoʻoponopono ana i nā kikokikona i ka papahana). Hiki ke holo like kekahi mau polokalamu (e laʻa me MS Windows 9x/Me, NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp).
Pūnaehana komo hui. He mau ʻōnaehana kēia e kākoʻo ana i hoʻokahi mea hoʻohana i ka manawa (e laʻa me MS-DOS, Windows 9x/Me).
ʻōnaehana hoʻohana lehulehu. He mau ʻōnaehana kēia e kākoʻo ana i nā mea hoʻohana he nui i ka manawa like. Hana ka mea hana i nā hana he nui, me ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana i hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke launa pū me ka papahana i ka wā e holo ana (e laʻa me MS Windows NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp).
Pūnaehana mea kūʻai aku. He ʻōnaehana paʻakikī kēia e nānā ana i nā ʻōnaehana lua i hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā kamepiula pūnaewele hoʻokahi. Hana ʻia nā noi e ka ʻōnaehana hana ma ke ʻano he "mea kūʻai aku" o nā kikowaena e hāʻawi i nā lawelawe iā lākou. "Nā mea kūʻai" e kamaʻilio me nā kikowaena ma o ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana, a holo kēlā me kēia kikowaena i kāna wahi hoʻomanaʻo ponoʻī, hoʻokaʻawale a mālama ʻia, kaʻawale maikaʻi mai nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe.

Pūnaehana hoʻokomo - he ʻōnaehana kamepiula kūikawā i lilo i mea hoʻohui o nā lako hana. Pono ia e hoʻokō i kekahi mau koi, i wehewehe ʻia e pili ana i nā hana e pono ai ke hana. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia he kamepiula pilikino multifunctional maʻamau. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana i hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi microprocessor (a i ʻole microcontroller) i hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i kahi helu palena o nā hana, a i ʻole hoʻokahi hana. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka lolouila nāna e hoʻomalu i ka mokulele mokulele US Apollo ka kamepiula mua i kūkulu ʻia. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka lolouila hoʻokomo mua ʻia e hoʻomalu i ka missile LGM-30 Minuteman I. ʻO kekahi mau laʻana ʻo Windows CE, FreeBSD, a me Minix 3.

nā ʻōnaehana hana i hoʻokomo ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o Linux i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokomo ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo Embedded Linux.

Pūnaehana hana paʻa lima (a i ʻole OS paʻa lima) - ʻōnaehana hana no nā kelepona, papa, PDA a i ʻole nā polokalamu kelepona ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui nā ʻōnaehana lawelawe kelepona i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi kamepiula me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe e pono ai no ke kelepona paʻa a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohana kelepona ʻē aʻe; ʻO ka maʻamau kēia: pale paʻi, kelepona, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, hoʻokele, pahupaʻikiʻi, pahupaʻikiʻi, ʻike ʻōlelo, leo leo, mea hoʻokani mele, NFC a me ke awa infrared. Loaʻa i nā polokalamu kelepona hiki ke kamaʻilio (e like me nā smartphones) ʻelua ʻōnaehana lawelawe kelepona - he papahana nui i ʻike ʻia e ka mea hoʻohana, hoʻohui ʻia e kahi ʻōnaehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e kākoʻo ana i ka lekiō a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana ʻo Blackberry OS, Google Android, a me Apple iOS.