ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki, ʻoi aku ka mālie, ʻoi aku ka maʻemaʻe - ʻEnekini Mokulele Hou

ʻIke ʻia i mea e hoʻololi nui ai i ka mokulele, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e ʻimi i nā propellers hou, nā hoʻolālā futuristic a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kikowaena. Ua lawa ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻoili mechanical maʻalahi ...

ʻO kēia kekahi o nā mea hou nui o nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻO nā moto turbofan geared (GTF) e ʻae i ka compressor a me ka peʻahi e hoʻololi i nā wikiwiki like ʻole. Kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa peʻahi me ke kumu peʻa akā hoʻokaʻawale i ka motika peʻa mai ka mea hoʻoemi haʻahaʻa a me ka turbine. Holo ka peʻahi ma kahi māmā māmā, ʻoiai ke holo nei ka mea hoʻoemi a me ka turbine haʻahaʻa i kahi wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kēlā me kēia module engine ke hana i ka hana kūpono. Ma hope o 20 mau makahiki o R&D a me R&D hoʻolimalima ma kahi o $1000 biliona, ua hana ka ʻohana turbofan Pratt & Whitney PurePower PW2016G i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ua hoʻokomo nui ʻia i loko o nā mokulele kalepa mai XNUMX.

Hoʻopuka nā ʻenekini turbofan o kēia manawa i ka pahu ma nā ala ʻelua. ʻO ka mea mua, aia nā compressors a me ke keʻena puhi ahi ma kona kumu. Aia ma ke alo he peʻahi, e alakaʻi ʻia e ke kumu, e alakaʻi i ka ea ma o nā keʻena bypass a puni ke kumu kaʻa. ʻO ka ratio bypass ka lākiō o ka nui o ka ea e hele ana ma ke kumu i ka nui o ka ea e hele ana ma loko. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka bypass ratio ʻoi aku ka mālie, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka ikaika o nā ʻenekini. Loaʻa i nā ʻenekini turbofan maʻamau ka lākiō bypass o 9 a 1. Loaʻa i nā ʻenekini Pratt PurePower GTF ka lākiō bypass o 12 a 1.

No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lākiō bypass, pono e hoʻonui nā mea hana kaʻa i ka lōʻihi o nā lau pā. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana i loaʻa ma ka hope o ka maka i hiki mai nā haʻalulu makemake ʻole. Pono ʻoe i nā ʻōpala pā e hoʻolohi, a ʻo ia ke kumu o ka pahu pahu. Hiki ke kiʻekiʻe ka ʻenekini e like me 16 pakeneka, e like me Pratt & Whitney. nui wahie hoʻokele waiwai a me ka 50 pakeneka. liʻiliʻi ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a he 75 pakeneka. mālie. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻolaha ʻo SWISS a me Air Baltic i kā lākou GTF C-series jet engines e ʻai i ka wahie liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki.

PW1100G-JM engine ma ka laina hana

Ua kapa ʻia ka makasina TIME i ka mīkini PW1000G kekahi o nā 50 mea nui loa o ka makahiki 2011 a ʻo kekahi o nā mea ʻeono e pili ana i ke kaiapuni, no ka mea, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ʻo Pratt & Whitney PurePower e maʻemaʻe, mālie, ʻoi aku ka ikaika a hoʻohana i ka wahie liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻenekini mokulele. I ka makahiki 2016, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Richard Anderson, ka pelekikena o Delta Air Lines, i ka ʻenekini "ka hana hou maoli" mai ka wā i hoʻololi ai ʻo Boeing's Dreamliner i ka hana composite.

ʻO ka mālama a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā hoʻokuʻu

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka 700 miliona tons carbon dioxide i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻOiai he 2 pakeneka wale nō. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kalapona kalapona honua, aia nā hōʻike e ʻoi aku ka hopena o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka wahie mokulele i ka lewa i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai lākou ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

Ke ʻimi nei nā mea hana ʻenekini nui e mālama i ka wahie a hoʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. ʻO ka mea hoʻokūkū Pratt ʻo CFM International i hoʻolauna mai nei i kāna ʻenekini holomua i kapa ʻia ʻo LEAP, ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā luna ʻoihana e hāʻawi i nā hopena like me kahi turbofan i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka uku o nā hopena ʻē aʻe. Wahi a CFM, i loko o kahi hoʻolālā turbofan kuʻuna, hiki ke loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi like me ka ʻole o ke kaumaha a me ka huki ʻana o ka powertrain. Hoʻohana ʻo LEAP i nā mea hana composite māmā a me nā lau pānaʻi carbon fiber no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikehu i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka hui e like me nā mea i loaʻa me ka mīkini Pratt & Whitney.

I kēia lā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kauoha no nā mīkini Airbus no ka A320neo ma waena o CFM a me Pratt & Whitney. ʻO ka mea pōʻino no ka hui hope loa, ua hoʻopilikia nā kaʻa PurePower i nā mea hoʻohana. Ua ʻike ʻia ka mea mua i kēia makahiki, i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka hoʻoluʻu ʻole ʻana o nā mīkini GTF ma Qatar Airways Airbus A320neo. Hiki i ka hoʻoluʻu ʻole ke alakaʻi i ka deformation a me ka friction o nā ʻāpana, a ma ka manawa like e hoʻonui i ka manawa ma waena o nā mokulele. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻoholo ka mokulele ʻaʻole i hoʻokō nā ʻenekini i nā koi hana. Ma hope koke iho, ua hoʻokuʻu nā luna mokulele India i nā mokulele o 11 Airbus A320neo mokulele i hoʻoikaika ʻia e nā mīkini PurePower GTF. Wahi a ka Economic Times, ua hiki mai ka hoʻoholo ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mokulele Airbus GTF-powered i ʻekolu pau ʻole o ka mīkini i loko o ʻelua pule. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻo Pratt & Whitney i kēia mau pilikia, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana he maʻalahi lākou e lanakila.

Pepa uila uila Airbus

ʻO kekahi kanaka nunui ma ke kahua o nā ʻenekini mokulele, ʻo Rolls-Royce, ke hoʻomohala nei i kāna Power Gearbox ponoʻī, a ma 2025 e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie ma nā turbofans nui e 25%. hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hiʻohiʻona kahiko o ka ʻenekini Trent kaulana. ʻO kēia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia kahi hoʻokūkū hoʻolālā Pratt & Whitney hou.

Ke noʻonoʻo nei ka poʻe Pelekania i nā ʻano hana hou ʻē aʻe. I loko o ka Singapore Airshow i hala iho nei, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Rolls-Royce i ka IntelligentEngine Initiative, e manaʻo nei e hoʻomohala i nā ʻenekini mokulele naʻauao i ʻoi aku ka palekana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma o ka hiki ke kamaʻilio me kekahi a ma o kahi pūnaewele kākoʻo. Ma ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke kamaʻilio mau ʻelua ʻaoʻao me ka mīkini a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka kaiaola lawelawe, hiki i ka ʻenekini ke hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai a aʻo i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana. E aʻo pū lākou mai ka mōʻaukala o kā lākou hana a me nā ʻenekini ʻē aʻe, a ma ke ʻano nui e pono lākou e hoʻoponopono iā lākou iho ma ka hele.

Pono ke kaʻa i nā ʻoihana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi

ʻO ka ʻike mokulele ʻEulopa no 2050 e kāhea ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hoʻoiho CO.₂ ma ka 75 pakeneka, nitrogen oxides ma 90 pakeneka. a me ka walaau ma ka 65 pakeneka. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia me nā ʻenehana i loaʻa. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōnaehana uila a me hybrid-electric propulsion ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻenehana hoʻohiki e hoʻokō i kēia mau pilikia.

Aia nā mokulele kukui uila ʻelua noho ma ka mākeke. Aia nā kaʻa hybrid-electric ʻehā noho ma ka lewa. Ua wānana ʻo NASA i nā makahiki 20 mua, ʻo kēia ʻano mokulele pōkole, ʻeiwa noho e hoʻihoʻi i nā lawelawe mokulele i nā kaiāulu liʻiliʻi. Ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ma 2030 hiki ke kūkulu i kahi mokulele hybrid-electric me ka hiki ke hiki i nā noho 100. Eia naʻe, e koi ʻia ka holomua nui ma ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu.

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole lawa ka nui o ka ikehu o nā pila. Eia naʻe, hiki ke loli kēia mau mea a pau. Ua ʻōlelo ka luna ʻo Tesla ʻo Elon Musk, i ka manawa e hiki ai i nā pahu ke hana i 400 watt-hola no ka kilo, a ʻo ka ratio o ka mana kelepona i ka nui o ke kaumaha he 0,7-0,8, e lilo ka mokulele transcontinental uila i "pilikia paʻakikī." Ke noʻonoʻo nei ua hiki i nā pā lithium-ion ke hoʻokō i ka ikehu ikehu o 113 Wh/kg ma 1994, 202 Wh/kg i 2004, a hiki i kēia manawa ke hiki i kahi 300 Wh/kg, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i loko o nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. e hiki i ka pae 400 Wh/kg.

ʻO Kitty Hawk uila ʻelua noho kaʻa kaʻaahi

Ua hui pū ʻo Airbus, Rolls-Royce a me Siemens i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mea hōʻike lele lele E-Fan X, ʻo ia kahi mea nui i mua i ka mokulele mokulele hybrid-electric propulsion. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻenehana uila hybrid E-Fan X i manaʻo ʻia - E lele ʻo Fan X i 2020 ma hope o kahi hoʻolaha hoʻāʻo honua. Ma ka papa mua, e hoʻololi ka BAe 146 i kekahi o nā ʻenekini ʻehā me kahi kaʻa uila XNUMX MW. Ma hope iho, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻololi i ka turbine ʻelua me kahi kaʻa uila ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ke oʻo o ka ʻōnaehana.

ʻO Airbus ke kuleana no ka hoʻohui holoʻokoʻa e like me ka hybrid electric propulsion a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka pākaukau a me kona hoʻohui ʻana me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele lele. Na Rolls-Royce ke kuleana no ka ʻenekini turbine kinoea, XNUMX-megawatt generator a me ka uila uila. Me Airbus, e hana pū ana ʻo Rolls-Royce i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea pā i ka nacelle Siemens a me ka uila uila. E hoʻolako ʻo Siemens i nā kaʻa uila XNUMX MW a me kahi mea hoʻokele mana uila, a me kahi inverter, converter a me ka ʻōnaehana hāʻawi mana.

Nui nā kikowaena noiʻi a puni ka honua e hana ana i nā mokulele uila, me ka NASA, ke kūkulu nei i ka X-57 Maxwell. Ke kūkulu ʻia nei ka papahana kaʻa kaʻa uila ʻelua noho ʻelua ʻo Kitty Hawk a me nā hale ʻē aʻe o nā kikowaena nui, nā hui a i ʻole nā ​​​​hoʻomaka liʻiliʻi.

Ma muli o ka 21 a me 33 mau makahiki ka awelika o ke ola o nā mokulele mokulele a me XNUMX, ʻoiai ʻo nā mokulele hou a pau i hana ʻia i ka lā ʻapōpō he uila a pau, ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau makahiki e hoʻopau i nā mokulele hoʻohana ʻia.

No laila ʻaʻole e hana wikiwiki. I kēia manawa, hiki i nā biofuels ke hoʻomāmā i ke kaiapuni i ka ʻoihana mokulele. Kōkua lākou i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o carbon dioxide e 36-85 pakeneka. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hōʻoia ʻia nā huila biofuel no nā mīkini jet i 2009, ʻaʻole wikiwiki ka ʻoihana mokulele e hoʻokō i nā loli. He liʻiliʻi nā pilikia ʻenehana a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka hana biofuel i nā pae ʻoihana, akā ʻo ka mea pale nui ʻo ke kumukūʻai - he ʻumi mau makahiki hou e loaʻa ai ke kūlike me nā wahie fossil.

Kūleʻa i ka wā e hiki mai ana

I ka manawa like, ke hana nei nā labs i nā manaʻo ʻenekini mokulele futuristic. I kēia manawa, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole kani maoli ka mīkini plasma, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kāpae ʻia e ulu nā hana ʻepekema i mea hoihoi a pono. Hoʻohana nā mea hoʻolale plasma i ka uila e hana i nā kahua electromagnetic. Hoʻopiʻi lākou a hoʻoulu i ke kinoea, e like me ka ea a i ʻole argon, i loko o kahi plasma-he ʻano wela, paʻa, ionized. Ke alakaʻi nei kā lākou noiʻi ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā satelite ma waho (ion thrusters). Eia nō naʻe, makemake ʻo Berkant Goeksel o ke Kulanui ʻenehana o Berlin a me kāna hui e kau i nā thrusters plasma ma nā mokulele.

ʻO ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenekini plasma air-jet i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā lele lele a me nā mokulele kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻenekini jet Plasma e hana i loko o kahi ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ke kaomi haʻahaʻa kahi e koi ʻia ai kahi lako kinoea. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻāʻo ka hui o Göksel i kahi mea hiki ke hana i ka lewa ma ke kaomi o hoʻokahi lewa. "Hiki i kā mākou plasma nozzles ke piʻi i ka wikiwiki a hiki i 20 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia kekona," wahi a Göckel ma ka Journal of Physics conference series.

SABER engine i ke kaʻa hypersonic o ka wā e hiki mai ana

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻāʻo ka hui i nā thruster liʻiliʻi 80 millimeters ka lōʻihi. No kahi mokulele liʻiliʻi, hiki kēia i hoʻokahi tausani o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ka hui. ʻO ka palena nui loa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nele o nā pihi māmā. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā mokulele hybrid, kahi e hui pū ʻia ai ka ʻenekini plasma me nā mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko a i ʻole nā ​​​​roketi.

Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā manaʻo jet engine hou, mai poina iā SABER (Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine) i hoʻomohala ʻia e Reaction Engines Limited. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻenekini kēia e hana ana ma ka lewa a me ka momi, e holo ana ma luna o ka hydrogen wai. I ka pae mua o ka lele, e lilo ka oxidizer i ka ea mai ka lewa (e like me nā mīkini jet maʻamau), a mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o 26 km (kahi e piʻi ai ka moku i ka wikiwiki o 5 miliona mau makahiki) - wai oxygen. Ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano rocket, e piʻi i ka wikiwiki a hiki i ka Mach 25.

ʻAʻole naʻe i hoʻoholo ʻo HorizonX, ka lima hoʻopukapuka o Boeing i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā SABER, koe wale nō ka manaʻo e "hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana kipi e kōkua iā Boeing i kāna ʻimi no ka lele supersonic."

ʻO RAMJET a me ka scramjet (supersonic jet engine me kahi keʻena puhi ahi) ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma nā lehelehe o nā mea pā o ka lele holo kiʻekiʻe. I kēia manawa, kūkulu nui ʻia lākou no ka hana kaua. Eia naʻe, e like me ke aʻo ʻana o ka moʻolelo o ka mokulele, ʻo ka mea e hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka pūʻali koa e hele i ka mokulele kīwila. ʻO ka hoʻomanawanui iki wale nō.

ʻO Rolls Royce naʻauao ʻenekini wikiō:

Rolls-Royce | Mea hou i IntelligentEngine