ʻO Bristol Beaufort i ka hui lawelawe RAF 1

Beauforty Mk I o 22 Squadron e noho ana ma North Coates ma ke kapakai hikina o Enelani; kauwela 1940

Ma waena o nā mokulele he nui o ka Royal Air Force (RAF), ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hanana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mōʻaukala, noho ʻo Beaufort i kahi wahi koʻikoʻi. Hoʻolako pū ʻia nā Squadrons me ia, e lawelawe ana ma nā mea pono ʻole a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mikiona kaua i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi loa, kokoke i kēlā me kēia kūleʻa (me kekahi mau mea kupaianaha) ke kumukūʻai nui.

I nā makahiki ma mua a ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka RAF ʻo ia ka Coast Command, ʻaʻole me ke kumu ʻole ʻo Cinderella o ka RAF. Ua loaʻa i ka Royal Navy kona pūʻali koa ponoʻī (Fleet Air Arm), aʻo ka mea nui o ka RAF ʻo ia ka Fighter Command (fighters) a me ka Bomber Command (bombers). ʻO ka hopena, i ka pō o ke kaua, ʻo ka Vickers Vildebeest kahiko, kahi biplane me kahi cockpit hāmama a me kahi pae hoʻokele paʻa, i noho mau i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe torpedo RAF nui.

ʻO ka L4445 i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ʻo ia ka lima o ka "prototype" o Beaufort a ʻo ka lima i ka manawa like.

kope kope.

ʻO ka pukaʻana a me ka uluʻana o ka hale

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi makana no ka mea pani iā ​​Vildebeest e ka Air Ministry ma 1935. Ua wehewehe ka M.15/35 i nā koi no kahi ʻekolu noho, twin-engine reconnaissance bomber me kahi fuselage torpedo compartment. Ua komo ʻo Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Handley Page a me Vickers i ka makana. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī G.24/35 no kahi mokulele māhoe ʻenekini māhoe. I kēia manawa, komo ʻo Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Gloster a me Westland. ʻAʻole ʻo Bristol ka punahele ma kekahi o kēia mau makana. Eia naʻe, i kēlā manawa, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā makana ʻelua, e hoʻopuka ana i ka kikoʻī 10/36. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Bristol i kahi hoʻolālā me ka inoa ʻoihana ʻo Type 152. ʻO ka mokulele i manaʻo ʻia, e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā bomber māmā o Blenheim, ua hoʻolālā ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana me ka versatility nui loa i ka noʻonoʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia he mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ʻelua mau hui, ʻo Bristol a me Blackburn, i komo i ka makana hou e pili ana i ka kikoʻī 10/36.

ʻO ka manaʻo o ke kaua e hiki mai ana a me ka manawa e pili ana i ka Air Ministry e kauoha i nā mokulele ʻelua - ka Bristol Type 152 a me ka Blackburn Botha - a ma ke kumu wale nō o nā hoʻolālā kūkulu, me ke kali ʻole i ka lele ʻana o kahi prototype. Ua ʻike koke ʻia he mau hemahema koʻikoʻi ʻo Botha, ʻo ia hoʻi ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka lateral stability a, no kahi mokulele reconnaissance, ʻike ʻia mai ka cockpit. No kēia kumu, ma hope o kahi ʻoihana kaua pōkole, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā kope i hoʻopuka ʻia i nā misionari aʻo. Ua pale ʻo Bristol i kēlā ʻano hilahila no ka mea ʻo kāna Type 152 - ka Beaufort e hiki mai ana - he ʻano hoʻonui iki a hoʻolālā hou ʻia o ka Blenheim e lele nei (a kūleʻa). ʻEhā mau kānaka o ka Beaufort (ʻaʻole ʻekolu, e like me ka Blenheim): ka hoʻokele, ka mea hoʻokele, ka mea hoʻokele lekiō a me ka pū. ʻO ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe o ka mokulele e pili ana i 435 km / h, holo wikiwiki me ka ukana piha - ma kahi o 265 km / h, ākea - ma kahi o 2500 km, ka lōʻihi o ka lele ʻana - ʻeono a me ka hapalua hola.

No ka mea, ua oi aku ke kaumaha o ka Beaufort ma mua o kona mua, ua ho'ololi 'ia ka 840 hp Mercury Blenheim engines me 1130 hp Taurus engines. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ke kahua o ka prototype (ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu hoʻohālike mua), ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Tauruses - i hana ʻia ma ka mea kanu nui ma Bristol a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua - maopopo ka wela. . I ka wā o ka hana ma hope, ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole lawa ko lākou mana no ka Beaufort i ka hoʻonohonoho kaua. ʻAneʻane hiki ʻole ke lele a pae ma ka ʻenekini hoʻokahi. ʻO ka hāʻule ʻole o kekahi o nā ʻenekini i ka wā o ka haʻalele ʻana i alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua huli ka mokulele i luna o ka hale a hāʻule ʻole, no laila, i kēlā ʻano kūlana ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻopau koke i nā ʻenekini ʻelua a hoʻāʻo e hana i kahi pae ulia pōpilikia "i mua" . ʻAʻole hiki i ka lele lōʻihi ma luna o hoʻokahi ʻenekini hoʻohana ʻia, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i lawa ka puʻupuʻu ea e hoʻomaha ai i hoʻokahi ʻenekini e hana ana me nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻoweliweli ana e ʻā.

ʻO ka pilikia me nā Tauruses ua lilo i mea koʻikoʻi loa ʻaʻole i holo mua ka Beaufort a hiki i ka waena o ʻOkakopa 1938, a hoʻomaka ka hana nui "ma ka wikiwiki piha" i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope. ʻAʻole i hoʻoponopono ka pilikia i nā mana hou o nā mīkini Taurus (a hiki i ka Mk XVI), a ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ko lākou mana i hoʻokahi iota. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 Beauforts i lako pū me lākou. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi wale ʻia ke kūlana ma ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Taurus me nā ʻenekini ʻAmelika 1830 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1200 Twin Wasp maikaʻi loa, nāna i hoʻokele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā B-24 Liberator nā pōkā kaumaha, C-47 transports, PBY Catalina lele moku a ʻO F4F nā pua puaʻa. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia hoʻololi i ka pūnāwai o 1940. Akā, ua koiʻo Bristolʻaʻole pono kēia, no ka mea, e hoʻololiʻo ia i nā mīkini o kāna hana pono'ī. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hui Beaufort i nalowale ma muli o ka hāʻule ʻana o kā lākou mokulele ponoʻī ma mua o ke ahi ʻenemi. ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenekini ʻAmelika a hiki i ʻAukake 1941. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka pilikia o kā lākou lawe ʻana mai nā ʻāina ʻē (ua hāʻule nā ​​moku i lawe iā lākou i nā submarines Kelemania), ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka 165th Beaufort, hoʻi lākou i ka Taurus. Ua loaʻa i nā mokulele me kā lākou mau mīkini ka inoa ʻo Mk I, a me nā ʻenekini ʻAmelika - Mk II. Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie o Twin Wasps, ua hoʻemi ka pae lele o ka mana hou o ka mokulele mai 2500 a i kahi 2330 km, akā hiki i ka Mk II ke lele ma hoʻokahi mīkini.

ʻO nā mea kaua nui o ka Beauforts, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ke kumumanaʻo, he 18-inihi (450 mm) Mark XII mokulele torpedoes ke kaupaona ʻana he 1610 paona (ma kahi o 730 kg). Eia naʻe, he mea pipiʻi a paʻakikī ke loaʻa - i ka makahiki mua o ke kaua ma Great Britain, ʻo ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano torpedoes he 80 wale nō ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia mahina. No kēia kumu, no ka manawa lōʻihi, he mau pōkā nā mea kaua maʻamau o ka Beauforts - ʻelua o 500 paona (227 kg) i loko o ke kai poma a me ʻehā o 250 paona ma nā pylons ma lalo o nā ʻēheu - hoʻokahi paha, 1650 paona (748 kg) magnetic. kai. nā mines. Ua kapa ʻia nā mea hope he "kukama" no ko lākou ʻano cylindrical, a ʻo ka mining, ma ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike paha, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "horticulture".

Kaomi mua

ʻO ka pūʻali koa Coastal Command mua i hoʻolako ʻia me Beauforts he 22 Squadron, ka mea i hoʻohana mua iā Vildebeests no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā moku U ma ka English Channel. Ua hoʻomaka ka loaʻa ʻana o Beauforts i Nowemapa 1939, akā ua hana ʻia ka hui mua ma nā mokulele hou ma ka pō wale nō o ʻApelila 15/16, 1940, i ka wā i ʻeli ai ʻo ia i nā ala kokoke i ke awa o Wilhelmshaven. I kēlā manawa aia ʻo ia ma ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau ma kahakai o ke Kai ʻĀkau.

Hoʻopau ʻia ka monotony o nā hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia manawa e nā "hana kūikawā". I ka hōʻike ʻana o ka naʻauao ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi moku holo moku ʻo German Nuremberg ma ke kapakai o Norderney, ma ka ʻauinalā o ka lā 7 Mei, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻeono Beauforts mai 22 Squadron e hoʻouka iā ia, i hoʻonohonoho kūikawā ʻia no ka manawa e lawe hoʻokahi 2000 lb (907 lb). ) nā pōkā. kg). Ma ke ala, huli kekahi o nā mokulele ma muli o ka hana ʻino. Ua hahai ʻia ke koena e ka radar a Frey a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka huakaʻi e ʻeono mau Bf 109 mai II.(J)/Tr.Gr. 1861. Uffts. Ua pana ʻo Herbert Kaiser i kahi Stuart Woollatt F/O, a ua make pū me ka poʻe holo holoʻokoʻa. O ka lua o Beaufort, ua poino loa ia e na Geremania, a haule iho la ia i kona hoao ana e pae, aka ua pakele kona mau ohua me ka poino ole; ua hookele ia ka mokulele e Cmdr. (Lutanela Kolonela) Harry Mellor,

alakaʻi pūʻali koa.

I nā pule i hala aʻe nei, ua hoʻouka ʻia ka 22nd Squadron, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ala moku mining, (maʻa mau i ka pō me kekahi mau mokulele) i nā pahuhopu ʻāina kahakai, me. Ma ka pō o Mei 18/19, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ma Bremen a me Hamburg, a me nā pahu wahie ma Rotterdam ma Mei 20/21. Ua hana ʻo ia i kekahi o nā huakaʻi liʻiliʻi o ka lā i kēia manawa ma Mei 25, e ʻimi ana ma ka wahi ʻo IJmuiden ma nā moku torpedo Kriegsmarine. Ma ka po o Mei 25-26, ua nalowale kona luna - ma / ia Harry Mellor a me kona mau holokai aole i hoi mai mai ka mina kokoke i Wilhelmshaven; ua nalowale ko lakou mokulele.

I kēia manawa, i ʻApelila, ua loaʻa iā Beauforti ka helu 42 Squadron, kahi pūʻali koa Coastal Command, i hoʻolako hou ʻia e Vildebeest. Hoʻomaka ia ma ka mokulele hou ma ka lā 5 Iune. I kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, ua pau ke kaua no Norewai. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka lima o ka poʻe Kelemania, e holo mau ana nā mokulele Pelekane ma kona kahakai. I ke kakahiaka o Iune 13, ʻehā Beauforts o 22 Squadron a me ʻeono Blenheims i hoʻouka i ke kahua mokulele ma Varnes kokoke i Trondheim. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kā lākou hoʻouka kaua e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pale Kelemania mai ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā pōkā luʻu ʻo Skua, e haʻalele ana mai ka mokulele mokulele HMS Ark Royal (ʻo kā lākou pahuhopu ʻo ka moku kaua i hōʻino ʻia ʻo Scharnhorst). ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka Bf 2 ka manawa e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka Beauforts a me Blenheims, a ua hana pū me nā mea hoʻokele moku o ka Royal Navy.

I hoʻokahi pule ma hope mai, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Scharnhorst e hōʻea i Kiel. I ke kakahiaka o Iune 21, i ka lā ma hope o ka hele ʻana i ka moana, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia mai ka papa kiʻi o ka Hudson. E ukali ana i ka moku kaua, o Z7 Hermann Schoemann, Z10 Hans Lody, a me Z15 Erich Steinbrinck, a me na waapa torpedo Jaguar, Grief, Falke, a me Kondor, me na mea kaua ko'iko'i. I ka ʻauinalā, ua hoʻomaka ka lima aloha o nā mokulele he ʻumi a ʻoi paha e hoʻouka iā lākou ma nā nalu he nui - ʻo Swordfish biplanes, Hudson light bomb, a me ʻeiwa Beauforts mai 42 Squadron. Ua haʻalele ka mea hope mai Wyck ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Scotland, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā pōkā 500-paona (ʻelua no ka mokulele).

ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe koa Pelekania i kēlā manawa ka pahu hopu, no laila ua lele ka huakaʻi me ka hele ʻole. Ma hope o 2 mau hola a me 20 mau minuke o ka lele, ua hōʻea ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Beaufort i kahakai o Norewai ma ke komohana hema o Bergen. Ma laila ʻo ia i huli aʻe ai i ka hema a ma hope koke iho ua kūʻē ʻo ia me nā moku o ka Kriegsmarine mai ka mokupuni ʻo Utsire. Ua alakaʻi ʻia lākou e nā koa Bf 109. He hola ma mua, ua lanakila nā Kelemania i kahi hoʻouka ʻana e ʻeono Swordfishes (e haʻalele ana mai ke kahua mokulele ʻo Orkney Islands), pana ʻelua, a laila ʻehā Hudsons, pana i lalo hoʻokahi. Ua hala nā torpedoes a me nā pōkā.

I ka ʻike ʻana i kekahi nalu o nā mokulele, ua wehe nā Kelemania i ke ahi mai kahi mamao o kekahi mau kilomita. Akā naʻe, ua hāʻule nā ​​Beauforts a pau (ʻekolu kī, ʻekolu mokulele kēlā me kēia) i ka moku kaua. I ka luʻu ʻana ma kahi kihi o 40°, ua hoʻolei lākou i kā lākou mau pōkā mai kahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 450 m. I ko lākou hele ʻana i waho o nā pū kaua anti-aircraft. ua hoʻouka ʻia nā moku e nā Messerschmitts, nona lākou i maʻalahi, aneane pale ʻole - i kēlā lā, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pū mīkini Vickers ma nā Beauforts a pau i loko o nā turrets hope ma muli o nā pūpū i nā ejectors maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ka poʻe Pelekāne, ʻekolu wale nō Bf 109 e mākaʻikaʻi ana ma kahi kokoke i nā moku ia manawa, ua hoʻokele ʻia lākou e Lutanela K. Horst Carganico, o. ʻO Anton Hackl lāua ʻo Fw. ʻO Robert Menge o II./JG 77, nāna i pana i lalo i hoʻokahi Beaufort ma mua o ka nalowale ʻana o ke koena i ke ao. Ua pepehi ʻia ʻo P/O Alan Rigg, F/O Herbert Seagrim a me F/O William Barry-Smith a me ko lāua mau ʻauwaʻa.