Ka honua pākaukau - ʻāpana 3

Hoʻomaka ka mōʻaukala o nā ʻōhua o kēia wā i ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, mai kēia kenekulia ka hapa nui o nā hoʻolālā i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā. Hōʻike kēia kūlana, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, i nā manaʻo maikaʻi loa o nā ʻepekema o ia manawa, a, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, i nā pilikia e kū mai ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou.

He liʻiliʻi nā mea maikaʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia. Hoʻopili pū ʻia kēia lula i nā pihi - ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kenekulia XNUMX a hiki i ko lākou ʻano o kēia manawa. Pili no hoi keia Leclanchet pūnaewele.

loulou e hoʻomaikaʻi

Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka chemist Farani Carl Gasner i loko o kahi kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi loa: kūʻai aku i ka hana a me ka palekana e hoʻohana. Eia nō naʻe, aia nō nā pilikia - ua ʻino ʻia ka uhi zinc o ka mea i ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka electrolyte acidic i hoʻopiha ai i ke kīʻaha, a ʻo ka hoʻopā ʻana i nā mea ʻino e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka mea mana. Ua lilo ka hoʻoholo hui ʻana ka ʻili o loko o ke kino zinc (ka uhi mercury).

ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka Zinc amalgam me nā waikawa, akā mālama ʻia nā waiwai electrochemical a pau o ka metala maʻemaʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hoʻoponopono kaiapuni, hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola o nā cell i ka liʻiliʻi (ma nā cell mercury-free, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka palapala a i ʻole) (1).

2. Alkaline cell layout: 1) pahu (cathode lead), 2) cathode loaʻa ka manganese dioxide, 3) electrode separator, 4) anode i loaʻa KOH a me ka lepo zinc, 5) anode terminal, 6) cell sealing (electrode insulator) . .

ʻO kekahi ala e hoʻonui ai i ka lōʻihi o ka cell a me ke ola ʻo ia ka hoʻohui zinc chloride ZnCl₂ no ke kīʻaha hoʻopiha paʻi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kelepona o kēia hoʻolālā ʻo Heavy Duty a (e like me ka inoa e hōʻike ai) ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻoikaika i nā ʻenehana ikaika.

A breakthrough i loko o ke kahua o disposable batteries i ke kukuluia ma 1955 o cell alkaline. ʻO ka mea ʻenekinia Kanada Lewis Urry, hoʻohana ʻia e ka hui Energizer i kēia manawa, he ʻano ʻokoʻa iki kona ʻano mai ko ka cell Leclanchet.

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike i kahi cathode graphite a i ʻole kīʻaha zinc ma laila. Hana ʻia nā electrodes ʻelua ma ke ʻano o nā pāpaʻi mākū a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (thickeners a me nā reagents: ʻo ka cathode ka hui ʻana o ka manganese dioxide a me ka graphite, ka anode o ka lepo zinc me kahi admixture o ka potassium hydroxide), a ua hana ʻia ko lākou mau hope me ke metala ( 2). Eia nō naʻe, ʻano like nā hopena i ka wā o ka hana ʻana me nā mea i hana ʻia i loko o ka cell Leclanchet.

He hana. Hana i kahi "autopsy kemika" ma kahi keena alkaline e ʻike ai he alkaline maoli nā mea i loko (3). E hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana ka mālama ʻana i ka wehe ʻana o ka cell Leclanchet. E ʻike i ke kahua ʻo Battery Code no ka ʻike ʻana i kahi cell alkaline.

3. ʻO ka "Section" o ka cell alkaline e hōʻoia i ka ʻike alkali.

ʻO nā ʻōhua i hana ʻia i ka home

4. Nā pila Ni-MH a me Ni-Cd ma ka hale.

ʻO nā kelepona hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻo ia ka pahuhopu o nā mea hoʻolālā mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema o ka uila, no laila ke ʻano he nui o lākou.

I kēia manawa, ʻo kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako hale liʻiliʻi nickel-cadmium pākahi. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā lākou prototype i ka makahiki 1899 i ka wā i hana ai kahi mea hoʻokumu Swedish. Ernst Jungner noi no ka patent no ka nickel-cadmium battery i hiki ke hoʻokūkū me nā ʻeke i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana kaʻa. pahu waiʻa kēpau.

ʻO ka anode cell he cadmium, ʻo ka cathode he trivalent nickel compound, ʻo ka electrolyte he potassium hydroxide solution (i nā hoʻolālā "maloʻo" hou, kahi paʻi pulu o nā mānoanoa i hoʻopiha ʻia me kahi hopena KOH). ʻO nā pihi Ni-Cd (ʻo ia kā lākou koho) aia ka volta hana ma kahi o 1,2 V - ʻoi aku kēia ma mua o nā cell disposable, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia no ka hapa nui o nā noi. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui ka hiki ke hoʻopau i kēia manawa nui (ʻo ia hoʻi he mau amperes) a me kahi ākea o nā mahana hana.

5. E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i nā koi no nā ʻano pākahi like ʻole ma mua o ke kau ʻana.

ʻO ka hemahema o nā pākahi nickel-cadmium he "hopena hoʻomanaʻo" kaumaha. Hana ʻia kēia i ka wā e hoʻopiha pinepine ai i nā ʻaniani Ni-Cd i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka hapa: ke hana nei ka ʻōnaehana me he mea lā ua like kona mana me ka uku i hoʻopiha ʻia e ka hoʻouka hou ʻana. I kekahi mau ʻano o nā loina, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka "hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo" ma ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā cell i kahi ʻano kūikawā.

No laila, pono e hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā pihi nickel-cadmium i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kahi pōʻai holoʻokoʻa: hoʻokuʻu mua ʻia (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana charger kūpono) a laila hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana e hōʻemi i ke ola i manaʻo ʻia o 1000-1500 cycles (e hoʻololi ʻia ka nui o nā cell disposable e hoʻokahi pākahi i kona wā e ola ana, no laila e uku ʻia ke kumukūʻai kūʻai kiʻekiʻe iā ia iho i nā manawa he nui, ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻi i ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaumaha ma ka pākaukau. ). kaiapuni me ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻolei ʻana o nā cell).

Ua pani ʻia nā mea Ni-Cd i loaʻa ka cadmium ʻona nickel-metal hydride pākahi (Ka inoa o Ni-MH). Ua like ko lākou ʻano me nā pākahi Ni-Cd, akā ma kahi o ka cadmium, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hao porous (Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zr, rare earth metals) me ka hiki ke komo i ka hydrogen (4). ʻO ka volta hana o ke kelepona Ni-MH ma kahi o 1,2 V, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻohana like ʻia me nā pihi NiCd. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pūnaewele Nickel Metal Hydride ma mua o kā Nickel Cadmium cell o ka nui like. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā ʻōnaehana NiMH. Aia nā hoʻolālā hou i loaʻa ʻole kēia drawback, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau.

ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nickel-metal hydride i kahi "hopena hoʻomanaʻo" (hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia). Eia nō naʻe, pono mau e nānā i nā koi o ka hoʻouka ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻano i nā kuhikuhi no ka charger (5).

I ka hihia o nā pila Ni-Cd a me Ni-MH, ʻaʻole mākou e paipai e wehe iā lākou. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i kekahi mea pono i loko o lākou. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole palekana ka nickel a me ka cadmium. Mai lawe i nā pilikia me ka pono ʻole a waiho i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā poʻe loea i aʻo ʻia.

ʻO ke aliʻi o nā accumulators, ʻo ia hoʻi ...

6. "King of batteries" ma ka hana.

… Lead-acid battery, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1859 e kekahi kauka lapaʻau Farani Gaston Plantego (ʻae, ʻae, e lilo ana ka hāmeʻa i 161 mau makahiki i kēia makahiki!). He 37% sulfuric acid (VI) ka hopena o ka pākaukau electrolyte, a ʻo nā electrodes ke alakaʻi (anode) a me ke kēpau i uhi ʻia me kahi papa o ke kēpau dioxide PbO.₂ (cathode). I ka wā o ka hana ʻana, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi precipitate o ke kēpau(II)(II)PbSO sulfate ma nā electrodes.₄. I ka hoʻouka ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka volts ma mua o 2 volts.

pākaukau alakaʻi Loaʻa iā ia nā hemahema a pau: ke kaumaha nui, ka naʻau i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka pono e mālama i kahi mokuʻāina, ka pilikia o ka leakage electrolyte ikaika a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā metala ʻona. Eia kekahi, pono ia e mālama pono: e nānā i ka nui o ka electrolyte, e hoʻohui i ka wai i nā keʻena (hoʻohana wale i ka distilled a i ʻole deionized), mana uila (ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana ma lalo o 1,8 V i hoʻokahi keʻena e hōʻino paha i nā electrodes) a me kahi ʻano hoʻouka kūikawā.

No ke aha i hoʻohana mau ʻia ai ka hale kahiko? ʻO ka "King of Accumulators" kahi ʻano o ke aliʻi maoli - mana. ʻO ka hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa a me ka ikaika o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 75% (hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia kēia nui o ka ikehu i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka wā o ka hana), a me ka hoʻolālā maʻalahi a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi. pākaukau alakaʻi Hoʻohana ʻia ʻaʻole wale ia e hoʻomaka i nā ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko, akā ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻolako mana pilikia. ʻOiai he 160 mau makahiki o ka mōʻaukala, ke hana maikaʻi nei ka pākaukau alakaʻi a ʻaʻole i pani ʻia e nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o kēia mau mea hana (a me ia, alakaʻi iā ia iho, ʻo ia hoʻi, mahalo i ka pākaukau, ʻo ia kekahi o nā metala i hana ʻia i ka nui loa) . Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻokele kaʻa e pili ana i nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia kona kūlana (6).

ʻAʻole i pau ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā mea hana e hana i kahi pani no ka pākaukau lead-acid. Ua kaulana kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona a hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka ʻoihana kaʻa i kēia lā. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa a me iwakālua, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻolālā i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ka hopena H.₂SO₄akā, nā electrolytes alkaline. ʻO kahi laʻana ʻo Ernst Jungner's nickel-cadmium battery i hōʻike ʻia ma luna. I ka makahiki 1901 Thomas Alva Edison ua hoʻololi i ka hoʻolālā e hoʻohana i ka hao ma kahi o ka cadmium. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻakika acid, ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā pā alkaline, hiki ke hana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke mālama. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o kā lākou hana, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu.

No laila, he aha ka hope?

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pau nā ʻatikala e pili ana i nā pila. ʻAʻole lākou e kamaʻilio, no ka laʻana, nā cell lithium, i hoʻohana mau ʻia e hoʻohana i nā mea hana hale e like me nā calculators a i ʻole nā ​​motherboards computer. Hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo hou e pili ana iā lākou ma ka ʻatikala Ianuali e pili ana i ka Nobel Prize in Chemistry i ka makahiki i hala, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hana - i loko o hoʻokahi mahina (me ka demolition a me ka ʻike).

Loaʻa nā manaʻo maikaʻi no nā cell, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pā. Ke ulu nei ka honua a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mobile, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai ke kūʻokoʻa i nā kaula mana. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ikehu kūpono no nā kaʻa uila he paʻakikī nui hoʻi. - i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokūkū me nā kaʻa me kahi ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko e pili ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai.

puʻu hoʻouluulu

No ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano kelepona, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi code alphanumeric kūikawā. No nā ʻano i loaʻa pinepine ʻia ma ko mākou mau hale no nā mea hana liʻiliʻi, loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano helu-hua-hua-hua-hua.

A ʻae:

- ʻo ka huahelu mua ka helu o nā cell; mālama ʻole ʻia no nā cell hoʻokahi;

- ʻo ka leka mua e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano kelepona. Ke nalo nei, ke hana nei ʻoe i ka loulou Leclanche. Hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā ʻano cell ʻē aʻe penei:

C - ke kelepona lithium (ke ʻano maʻamau),

H – Ni-MH pākaukau,

K - pākaukau nickel-cadmium,

L - ke kelepona alkaline;

- e hōʻike ana kēia leka i ke ʻano o ka loulou:

F - papa,

R - cylindrical,

P - ka inoa maʻamau o nā loulou me ke ʻano ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka cylindrical;

- ʻo ka helu hope a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻi e hōʻike i ka nui o ka loulou (nā helu helu helu a i ʻole e kuhikuhi pololei ana i nā ana) (7).

7. Nā ana o nā pūnaewele kaulana a me nā pila.

Ka helu ʻana i nā laʻana:

R03
- he pulina zinc-graphite ka nui o ka manamana lima. ʻO kekahi inoa ʻo AAA a i ʻole.

LR6 - he cell alkaline ka nui o ka manamana lima. ʻO kekahi inoa ʻo AA a i ʻole.

HR14 – Ni-MH pākahi; hoʻohana pū ʻia ka leka C e hōʻike i ka nui.

KR20 - ʻO ka pākaukau Ni-Cd, ka nui o ia mea i kaha ʻia me ka leka D.

3LR12 - he pākaukau palahalaha me ka volta o 4,5 V, i loko o ʻekolu cylindrical alkaline cell.

6F22 - 9-volt pākahiko, i loko o ʻeono Leclanchet paʻa palahalaha.

CR2032 - ke kelepona lithium me ke anawaena o 20 mm a me ka mānoanoa o 3,2 mm.

E nānā hoʻi: