E ho'āʻo i ka wahie kaʻa: biodiesel PART 2

ʻO nā ʻoihana mua i hāʻawi i nā palapala hōʻoia no kā lākou ʻenekini biodiesel nā mea mahiʻai a me nā mea hana halihali e like me Steyr, John Deere, Massey-Ferguson, Lindner a me Mercedes-Benz. Ma hope iho, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka laulā o ka biofuels a me nā kaʻa pahi lehulehu i kekahi mau kūlanakauhale.

ʻO nā kuhi hewa ʻole ma luna o ka hāʻawi a haʻalele ʻana paha i nā palapala hōʻoia mai nā mea hana kaʻa e pili ana i ke kūpono o nā ʻenekini e holo i ka biodiesel e alakaʻi i nā pilikia a me nā kānalua he nui. ʻO kahi laʻana o ke kuhi hewa ʻole ʻana ʻo ia nā hihia pinepine ke hana ʻole ka mea hana o ka ʻōnaehana wahie (aia kekahi ʻano like me Bosch) i ka palekana o kāna mau mea i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biodiesel, a ʻo ka mea hana kaʻa, e hoʻokau nei i nā mea like i loko o kā lākou ʻenekini, hāʻawi i kahi hōʻoia ... I kekahi mau hihia, hoʻomaka lākou me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kīnā ʻole i pili i ke ʻano o ka wahie i hoʻohana ʻia.

ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo ia no nā hewa ʻaʻohe hewa, a i ʻole - hoʻāpono ʻia i ka wā e hewa ai. I ka wā o ka hoʻopiʻi, nā mea hana (ʻo ia ka VW he hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ma Kelemānia) i ka hapanui o nā hihia e holoi i ko lākou mau lima i ka wahie maikaʻi ʻole, a ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke hōʻoia i kahi ʻē aʻe. Ma ke kumu, hiki i ka mea hana ke ʻimi mau i ka puka a pale i ke kuleana no nā pōʻino āna i ʻōlelo mua ai e komo i loko o ka palapala hōʻoia o ka hui. No ka pale ʻana i nā kuhi hewa a me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa o kēia ʻano i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻomohala nā mea ʻenekini VW i kahi sensor pae wahie (hiki ke kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka Golf V) e loiloi i ke ʻano a me ka maikaʻi o ka wahie, inā pono, e hōʻailona i ka pono o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma. ka manawa. nā mea uila uila e hoʻomalu i nā kaʻina hana i loko o ka ʻenekini.

pono

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻaʻohe i loko o ka biodiesel ka sulfur, no ka mea, pili i nā momona kūlohelohe a me nā hana kemika. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, pono ke alo o ka luaipele i ka wahie kakolina diesel maʻamau no ka mea kōkua ia i ka lubricate i nā mea o ka ʻōnaehana mana, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mea ʻino ia (keu hoʻi no nā ʻōnaehana diesel kikoʻī o kēia mau lā), no ka mea, hana ia nā sulfur oxides a me nā waikawa e hoʻopōʻino i kā lākou mau mea liʻiliʻi. Ua iho nui ka waiwai o ka sulfur o ka wahie diesel ma ʻEulopa a me nā ʻāpana o ʻAmelika (Kaleponi) i nā makahiki i hala iho nei no nā kumu kaiapuni, a ʻo ia ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia ai i nā koina hana kiʻekiʻe. Ua hōʻino pū ʻia hoʻi kona mau waiwai lubricating me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka maʻi sulfur, akā maʻalahi ka uku ʻia ʻana o kēia hemahema e ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui a me ka biodiesel, a i kēia hihia ua lilo ia i panacea kupaianaha.

Aia nā Biodiesel piha i nā hydrocarbons paraffinic me nā loulou pololei a me nā lālā a ʻaʻohe i loko o ia mau hydrocarbons onaona (mono - a me polycyclic). ʻO ke kū ʻana o nā mea hope (kūpaʻa a, no laila, low-cetane) i loko o ka petrolie diesel wahie kekahi o nā kumu nui no ka pau ʻole o ka puhi ʻia ʻana i nā ʻenekini a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻino i loko o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, a no ke kumu like i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu cetane o ka biodiesel ma mua o ka maʻamau. wahie kakolina diesel. Hōʻike nā noiʻi ma muli o nā ʻano kemika i kuhikuhi ʻia, a me ke kū ʻana o ka oxygen i loko o nā mole o ka biodiesel, ua pau loa i ke ahi, a ʻo nā mea ʻino i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia (e ʻike i ka Papa.

Hana ʻenekini biodiesel

Wahi a ka nui o nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma US a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, ʻo ka hoʻohana lōʻihi o ka biodiesel e hōʻemi i ka ʻaʻahu o nā mea cylinder i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hihia ke hoʻohana ʻia ka diesel gasoline maʻamau me kahi haʻahaʻa sulfur haʻahaʻa. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen i loko o kāna mole, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka biofuel i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka petroleum diesel, akā ʻo ka oxygen like e hoʻonui ai i ka pono o nā kaʻina puhi ahi a ʻaneʻane e uku ʻia no ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka ikehu. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen a me ke ʻano pololei o nā molekele methyl ester e alakaʻi i kekahi ʻokoʻa i ka helu cetane a me ka ikehu o ka biodiesel ma muli o ke ʻano o ka meaʻai. I kekahi o ia mau mea, hoʻonui ka hoʻohana ʻana, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahie injected e pono ai e hoʻolako i ka mana like ʻo ia hoʻi ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kaʻina hana, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona pono. ʻO nā ʻāpana ikaika o ka hana ʻenekini ma ka mea maʻamau ma ʻEulopa biodiesel wahie i hana ʻia mai ka rapeseed (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "technical" rapeseed, genetically modified a kūpono ʻole no ka meaʻai a me ka hānai ʻana), ua like ia me ka aila diesel. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua sunflower maka a i ʻole ka aila i hoʻohana ʻia mai nā fryers hale ʻaina (ʻo ia ka hui ʻana o nā momona ʻokoʻa), aia ka awelika o 7 a 10% hāʻule i ka mana, akā i nā manawa he nui ka nui o ka hāʻule. nui. He mea maikaʻi ke hoʻomaopopo i ka pale pinepine ʻana o nā mīkini biodiesel i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mana ma ka ukana kiʻekiʻe - me nā waiwai a hiki i 13%. Hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia kēia ma ka 'oia'i'o i loko o kēia mau 'ano o ka lākiō ma waena o ka noa oxygen a injected wahie ua ho'ēmi nui ia, ka mea, e alakai i ka deterioration i ka pono o ka combustion kaʻina. Eia naʻe, lawe ka biodiesel i ka oxygen, kahi e pale ai i kēia mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole.

Nā pilikia

Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o nā loiloi maikaʻi he nui, no ke aha e lilo ʻole ai ka biodiesel i huahana nui? E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma mua, nā kumu no kēia ke ʻano o ka hana a me ka noʻonoʻo, akā pono e hoʻohui ʻia kekahi o nā ʻenehana iā lākou.

ʻO nā hopena o kēia wahie fossil ma nā ʻenekini, a me nā mea nui o ka ʻōnaehana meaʻai, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia, me ka nui o nā noiʻi ma kēia wahi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hihia ma kahi o ka hoʻohana ʻia o nā concentrations kiʻekiʻe o ka biodiesel i ka huina huikau i hopena i ka hōʻino a me ka lohi o ka decomposition o nā paipu kāpili a me kekahi mau palapū palupalu, nā gaskets a me nā gaskets i hele a palu, palupalu a pehu. I ke kumu, maʻalahi ka hoʻonā ʻana i kēia pilikia ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā paipu me nā mea i hana ʻia i nā mea synthetic, akā ʻaʻole maopopo inā e mākaukau nā mea kaʻa no ia hoʻopukapuka.

He ʻokoʻa nā waiwai kino o nā meaʻai biodiesel like ʻole i nā wela haʻahaʻa. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kekahi mau ʻano biodiesel no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hoʻohui nā mea hana biodiesel i nā mea hoʻohui kūikawā i ka wahie e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kiko ao a kōkua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā lā anuanu. ʻO kekahi pilikia koʻikoʻi o ka biodiesel ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nitrogen oxides i loko o nā kinoea hoʻopau o nā ʻenekini e holo ana ma kēia wahie.

ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana i ka biodiesel e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka meaʻai, ka maikaʻi o ka ʻohi ʻana, ka pono o ka mea kanu hana, a ma luna o nā mea āpau, ke ʻano ʻauhau wahie. No ka laʻana, ma muli o nā ʻauhau ʻauhau i manaʻo ʻia ma Kelemania, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka biodiesel ma mua o ka diesel maʻamau, a paipai ke aupuni US i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biodiesel i wahie i ka pūʻali koa. I ka makahiki 2007, e hoʻokomo ʻia nā biofuels lua o ka hanauna e hoʻohana ana i ka nui o nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano he meaʻai - ma kēia hihia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo biomass-to-liquid (BTL) i hoʻohana ʻia e Choren.

Ua nui nā kikowaena ma Kelemania kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻopiha i ka aila maʻemaʻe, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā pono hana hoʻopihapiha e ka ʻoihana ʻenekema ʻo SGS ma Aachen, a hāʻawi ka hui hoʻohuli ʻo Aetra ma Paderborn iā lākou i nā mea ʻona a me nā kānaka ʻelua. hoʻohana. No ka hoʻololi ʻenehana o nā kaʻa, ua holomua nui i kēia wahi i kēia manawa. Inā a hiki i nehinei ka hapa nui o nā mea kūʻai aku aila nā mīkini diesel o mua o nā makahiki he kanawalu, i kēia lā ke hoʻololi nei nā ʻenekini pololei i ka aila mea kanu, a ʻo nā mea hoʻi e hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻopili a me nā ʻano maʻamau o Rail Rail. Ke ulu nei hoʻi ka makemake, a i kēia mau lā hiki i ka mākeke Kelemania ke hāʻawi i nā hoʻololi kūpono no nā kaʻa āpau me nā ʻenekini e hana ana ma ke kumu o ka hoʻā ʻana iā ʻoe iho.

Ua hoʻomalu ʻia kēia hanana e nā ʻoihana koʻikoʻi e hoʻouka i nā pahu hana maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, kū ka hanana evolution kupaianaha loa i ka halihali ikehu ponoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole e hāʻule ke kumukūʻai o ka momona ma lalo o 60 keneta o ka lita, ʻo ke kumu nui o kēia paepae hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hānai like i ka hana ʻana o ka biodiesel.

haʻina

He wahie hoʻopaʻapaʻa a kānalua loa ka biodiesel. Ua hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe kūʻē iā ia no nā laina wahie i ʻino ʻia a me nā sila, nā ʻāpana metala i ʻinoʻia a me nā pauma wahie pōʻino, a ua mamao loa nā hui kaʻa iā lākou iho mai nā mea ʻokoʻa kaiapuni, malia paha e hāʻawi iā lākou iho i ka maluhia o ka noʻonoʻo. ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻia nā kānāwai kānāwai no ka hōʻoia ʻana i kēia wahie, he mea hoihoi loa ia no nā kumu he nui.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono mākou e poina ua ʻike ʻia ma ka mākeke i kēia manawa - aneane ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi makahiki. Ua hoʻomalu ʻia kēia manawa e nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa no nā wahie petroleum maʻamau, ʻaʻole loa e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻoihana e hoʻoikaika i kona hoʻohana. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea i noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā mea āpau o ka ʻōnaehana wahie ʻenekini i hiki ʻole iā lākou ke pale ʻole i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka biodiesel koʻikoʻi.

Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke loli nui nā mea - me ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai aila i kēia manawa a me kona hemahema, ʻoiai me ka wehe ʻana o nā paʻi o nā ʻāina a me nā ʻoihana OPEC, hiki ke pahū maoli ka pili o nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka biodiesel. A laila pono nā mea hana kaʻa a me nā ʻoihana kaʻa e hāʻawi i nā palapala hōʻoia kūpono no kā lākou huahana i ka wā e pili ana i kahi koho i makemake ʻia.

A ʻo ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. I koʻu manaʻo haʻahaʻa, e lilo koke ana nā meaola bio a me GTL i ʻāpana hoʻohui o ka huahana, e kūʻai ʻia aku ana ma nā wahi ʻenekini ma ke ʻano o "diesel maʻamau". A ʻo kēia wale nō ka hoʻomaka ...

ʻO Camilo Holebeck-Biodiesel Raffinerie Gmbh, Austria: "ʻO nā kaʻa a pau o ʻEulopa i hana ʻia ma hope o 1996 hiki ke holo me ka maikaʻi ma biodiesel. ʻO ka wahie diesel maʻamau e hoʻopihapiha nā mea kūʻai ma Palani he 5% biodiesel, ʻoiai ma Czech Republic ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Bionafta he 30% biodiesel".

Terry de Vichne, USA: “Ua hoʻemi ka momona a ka sulfur diesel haʻahaʻa i ka lubricity a me ka makemake e paʻa i nā ʻāpana pahū. Ua hoʻomaka nā hui aila o US e hoʻohui i ka biodiesel e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lubrication. Hoʻohui ʻo Shell i 2 biodiesel, e hāpai ana i ka oxygen a hoʻēmi i nā kinoea hoʻomāinoino. ʻO Biodiesel, ma ke ʻano he meaolaola, ʻaʻa ʻia e ke kāpili kūlohelohe, akā i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua pani ʻia ka hope e nā polymers ʻē aʻe. "

Martin Styles, mea hoʻohana ʻEnelani: "Ma hope o ke kalaiwa ʻana i kahi mine Volvo 940 (me ka ʻenekini VW ʻelima mau-ʻelima) ma kahi biodiesel homemade, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻenekini no 2,5 km. ʻAʻohe ʻili a me ka ʻili ma koʻu poʻo! Maʻemaʻe nā valve komo a hoʻopau a ua hana maikaʻi nā mea hoʻopili i ka papa hoʻāʻo. ʻAʻohe ohe o ka popopo a me nā kumu soot ma luna o lākou. Ma loko o nā palena maʻamau nā ʻaukā engine a ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o nā pilikia wahie hou aʻe. ”