Atkinson, Miller, kaʻina B-cycle: he aha ka manaʻo maoli

Hoʻololi maoli ʻia nā turbocharger VTG ma nā ʻenekini VW.

Hoʻopili mau ʻia nā pōʻai ʻo Atkinson a me Miller me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono, akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou. ʻAʻole kūpono paha ia, no ka mea, hele mai nā hoʻololi ʻelua i kahi kumukānāwai kumu - ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻenekini ʻehā-stroke. No ka mea he geometrically kēia mau ʻāpana i loko o kahi ʻenekini maʻamau, pilikia ka ʻāpana ʻaila i ka pōʻino o ke kīkē ʻana o ka wahie, e koi ana i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka lākiō kōmi. Eia naʻe, inā hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka lakio hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e hopena kēia i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka "ʻoki ʻana" i ka ikehu o nā kinoea hoʻonui a hoʻonui i ka pono o ka mīkini. He mea hoihoi ia e hoʻomaopopo, ʻo ka mōʻaukala maoli, ʻaʻole ʻo James Atkinson a me Ralph Miller i hana i kā lākou mau manaʻo no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka pono. I ka makahiki 1887, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Atkinson i kahi mīkini paʻakikī paʻakikī i loaʻa i kekahi mau mea (hiki ke loaʻa nā mea like i kēia lā ma ka Infiniti VC Turbo engine), i manaʻo ʻia e pale aku i nā patent a Otto. ʻO ka hopena o nā kinematics paʻakikī, ʻo ia ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi pōʻai ʻehā-stroke i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻenekini a me kahi piston stroke i ka wā o ka hoʻopiʻi a me ka hoʻonui. He mau makahiki ma hope aku, e hana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma ka wehe ʻana i ka valve intake no ka manawa lōʻihi a aneane ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻenekini i hui pū ʻia me nā powertrains hybrid maʻamau (me ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻouka uila waho), e like me nā Toyota. a me Honda. Ma ka wikiwiki a me ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia no ka mea he inertia ke kahe komo ʻana a i ka neʻe ʻana o ka piston i hope e uku ʻia no ka ea hoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, alakaʻi kēia i ka hana ʻenehana paʻa ʻole, a no laila ua hui pū ʻia kēlā mau ʻāpana me nā ʻōnaehana hybrid a ʻaʻole hoʻohana i ka pōʻai Atkinson i kēia mau ʻano. No kēia kumu, ua manaʻo mau ʻia nā valve aspirated a intake i ka pōʻai Atkinson. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pololei loa kēia, no ka mea, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pae like ʻole o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā ʻāpana wehe o ka valve no Ralph Miller a ua patent ʻia i ka makahiki 1956. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia kona manaʻo i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka lākiō kaomi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahie haʻahaʻa-octane i nā ʻenekini mokulele. Hoʻolālā ʻo Miller i nā ʻōnaehana e pani i ka valve intake ma mua (Early Intake Valve Closure, EIVC) a i ʻole (Late Intake Valve Closure, LIVC), a me ka uku no ka nele o ka ea a i ʻole e hoʻi hou ka ea i ka intake manifold, compressor. hoʻohana ʻia.

He mea hoihoi ia e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻenekini asymmetric-phase mua e holo ana ma kahi hope loa, i wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano he "kaʻina pōʻai ʻana ʻo Miller", i hana ʻia e nā ʻenekini Mercedes a ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻenekini compressor 12-ʻolokaʻa o ka kaʻa haʻuki W 163 mai 1939. ma mua o ka patent ʻana o Ralph Miller i kāna hōʻike.

ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālikelike i hana mua ʻia e hoʻohana i ka pōʻai Miller ʻo ia ka 6 Mazda Millenia KJ-ZEM V1994. Pani ka puka komo i hope, hoʻihoʻi i kekahi o ka lewa i nā lau o ke komo me ka lakio pāʻomi i hoʻemi ʻia, a hoʻohana ʻia kahi compressive mechanical Lysholm e paʻa ai ka ea. No laila, ʻo ka lakio hoʻonui ʻana he 15 pākēneka ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka lakio hoʻokaumaha. ʻO nā poho i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ea compression mai ka piston i ka compressor e offset ʻia e ka hoʻomaikaʻi hope loa o ka ʻenekini.

Lohi loa a wanaʻao kokoke loa i nā hoʻolālā i loaʻa i nā pono ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. Ma nā ukana haʻahaʻa, pani ka hopena ma hope o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi throttle ākea ākea a mālama i ka haunaele maikaʻi. Ke piʻi nei ka ukana, ke hele nei ka pōmaikaʻi i ka pani mua ʻana. Eia naʻe, lilo ka mea hope i mea liʻiliʻi ma nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o ka hoʻopihapiha manawa a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe ma mua a ma hope o ka puka.

Audi a me Volkswagen, Mazda a me Toyota

I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia nā hana like e Audi a me Volkswagen i kā lāua polokalamu 2.0 TFSI (EA 888 Gen 3b) a me 1.5 TSI (EA 211 Evo), i hui hou ʻia e ka 1.0 TSI hou. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana lākou i kahi ʻenehana puka komo pani pani mua kahi e hoʻomaʻalili ai ka ea hoʻonui ma hope o ka pani mua ʻana o ka pahu. Kāhea ʻo Audi lāua ʻo VW i ke kaʻina ʻo B-cycle ma hope o ka ʻenekini o ka hui ʻo Ralph Budak, nāna i hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā manaʻo o Ralph Miller a kau iā lākou i nā ʻenekini turbocharged. Me ka lakio hoʻokaumaha o 13: 1, ʻo ka lakio maoli ma kahi o 11,7: 1, a kiʻekiʻe loa iā ia iho no ka ʻenekini hoʻā maikaʻi. Hoʻokani ʻia ke kuleana nui i kēia mau mea āpau e ka ʻōnaehana wehe kīwī paʻakikī me nā ʻāpana lauwili a me ka hahau ʻana, kahi e paipai ai i ka vortex a hoʻoponopono e like me nā kūlana. I nā ʻenekini B-cycle, hoʻonui ʻia ka puʻupuʻu i 250 pa. Hoʻopili nā Microcontrollers i kahi kaʻina maʻalahi o ka hoʻololi o ka pae a me ka hoʻololi mai ke kaʻina B i ke kaʻina Otto maʻamau ma lalo o ka ukana nui. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana nā ʻenekini 1,5 a me 1-lita i nā turbocharger geometry variable variable-pane. Hāʻawi ka ʻoluʻolu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ea i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kūlana wela i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kaomi ikaika i loko o ka paukūʻolokaʻa. ʻAʻole like me nā turbocharger kiʻekiʻe o Porsche BorgWarner VTG i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mana hou aku, ʻo nā waeʻano geometry o VW i hana ʻia e ka hui like e hoʻololi iki ʻia i nā turbine no nā ʻenekelia diesel. Hiki kēia ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma muli o nā mea āpau i wehewehe ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ana wela kinoea ma mua o 880 kekelē, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka engine diesel, kahi hōʻailona o ka pono kiʻekiʻe.

Huikau nā hui Kepani i ka standardinology standardization i ʻoi aku. ʻAʻole like me nā ʻenekini gasolina Mazda Skyactiv ʻē aʻe, turbocharged ka Skyactiv G 2.5 T a hana ma luna o kahi nui o nā ukana a me ka rpm i ka pōʻai Miller, akā hoʻopuka pū ʻo Mazda i kahi pōʻaiapuni kahi e hana ai kā lākou mau Skyactiv G. -T (1.2NR-FTS) a me 4 D8-T (2.0AR-FTS) i kā lākou mau ʻenekini turbo, akā ʻo Mazda, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, wehewehe iā lākou he like no nā ʻenekini āpau i makemake ʻia no nā hiʻohiʻona hybrid a me ka hanauna Dynamic Force hou. kaʻa. me ka hoʻopihapiha i ka lewa e like me "hana ma ka pōʻaiapuni Atkinson". I nā hihia āpau, like ke akeakamai ʻepekema.