Nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻokele hoʻāʻo: PART 1 - ʻoihana kinoea
I nā makahiki 70, ua hoʻokolohua ʻo Wilhelm Maybach me nā hoʻolālā like ʻole o nā ʻenekini kuni kūloko, hoʻololi i nā ʻano hana a noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā kolamu kūpono loa no ka hana ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Manaʻo pinepine ʻo ia kahi o nā mea kuni i ʻike ʻia i ia manawa e kūpono loa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenekini wela.
I nā makahiki 70, ua hoʻokolohua ʻo Wilhelm Maybach me nā hoʻolālā like ʻole o nā ʻenekini kuni kūloko, hoʻololi i nā ʻano hana a noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā kolamu kūpono loa no ka hana ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Manaʻo pinepine ʻo ia kahi o nā mea kuni i ʻike ʻia i ia manawa e kūpono loa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenekini wela.
I ka makahiki 1875, i kona wā he limahana o ka Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Wilhelm Maybach e hoʻāʻo inā hiki iā ia ke holo i ka mīkini kinoea ma ka wahie wai - ʻoi aku ka pololei, ma ka ʻaila. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e nānā i ka mea e hiki mai ana inā pani ʻo ia i ka moa kinoea a waiho i kahi ʻāpana lole i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka ʻaila i mua o ka puka komo. ʻAʻole kū ka ʻenekini, akā hoʻomau ka hana a hiki i ka "momi" i ka wai a pau mai ka ʻiʻo. 'O kēia ke'ano o ka mana'o o ka "carburetor" i hana mua'ia, a ma hope o ka hana'ana o ke ka'a, lilo ka'aila i wahie nui no ia.
Ke haʻi aku nei wau i kēia moʻolelo e hoʻomanaʻo aku ai iā ʻoe ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka ʻailaolina ma kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe i ka wahie, ua hoʻohana nā ʻenekini mua i ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he wahie. A laila pili ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana o (gas) no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana, i loaʻa ʻia e nā hana i ʻike ʻole ʻia i kēia lā, akā i ka hana ʻana i ka lānahu. ʻO ka ʻenekini, i haku ʻia e ka Swiss Isaac de Rivak, ka ʻenekini Ethylene Lenoir ʻenehana "hana kūlohelohe" mai ka makahiki 1862, a me ka ʻāpana ʻehā hahau i hana ʻia e Otto ma hope iki, e holo ana i ka ʻaila.
Ma ʻaneʻi pono e haʻi i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kinoea kūlohelohe a me ke kinoea ʻaila liquefied. He 70 a 98% ka methane ke kinoea maoli, a ʻo ke koena he kiʻekiʻe o nā kinoea organika a me nā kinoea ʻole e like me ka ethane, propane a me ka butane, carbon monoxide a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i ka ʻaila nā kinoea ma nā ʻano like ʻole, akā hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia mau kinoea ma o ka distillation fractional a i hana ʻia e kekahi mau kaʻina hana ʻaoʻao i loko o nā hale hoʻoheheʻe. ʻOkoʻa loa nā kīhāpai kinoea - kinoea maʻemaʻe a i ʻole "maloʻo" (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka nui o ka methane) a me ka "mākū" (i loko o ka methane, ethane, propane, kekahi mau kinoea kaumaha ʻē aʻe, a hiki i ka "gasoline" - wai māmā, nā hakina waiwai nui) . He ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi nā ʻano aila, a ʻo ke ʻano o nā kinoea i loko o ia mau mea hiki ke emi a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā māla - piʻi ke kinoea ma luna o ka ʻaila a hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he "gas cap". ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka "cap" a me ka māla aila nui e pili ana i nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole, e ʻōlelo ana, "holo" i kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka methane i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he wahie kaʻa "hiki mai" mai ke kinoea maoli, a ʻo ka hui ʻana o propane-butane a mākou i ʻike ai no loko mai o nā māla kinoea maoli a me nā māla aila. Ma kahi o 6% o ke kinoea maoli o ka honua i hana ʻia mai nā waihona lanahu, i hui pū ʻia me nā waihona kinoea.
Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Propane-butane ma kahi hanana i kahi ala kūlike ʻole. I ka makahiki 1911, ua kauoha aku kekahi mea lawelawe Amelika huhū o kahi hui ʻaila i kāna hoaaloha, ka mea loea kaulana ʻo Kauka Snelling, e ʻike i nā kumu o ka hanana pohihihi. ʻO ke kumu o ka huhū o ka mea kūʻai aku ua pūʻiwa ka mea kūʻai aku i ka ʻike ʻana ua hoʻopiha ʻia ka hapalua o ka pahu wai piha. Ford Ua nalowale ʻo ia ma o ka ʻike maopopo ʻole ʻia i kahi huakaʻi pōkole i kona hale. ʻAʻole kahe ka pahu mai kahi ʻole ... Ma hope o nā hoʻokolohua he nui, ua ʻike ʻo Kauka Snelling ʻo ke kumu o ka mea pohihihi ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka propane a me nā butane gas i loko o ka wahie, a ma hope koke iho ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i nā hana hana mua o ka distill. lākou. Ma muli o kēia mau holomua o ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Kauka Snelling ʻo ia ka "makuakāne" o ka ʻoihana.
Ma mua ma mua, ma kahi o 3000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike nā kahu hipa i kahi "puna ahi" ma ka mauna ʻo Paranas ma Helene. Ma hope mai, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi luakini me nā kia lapalapa ma kēia wahi "laʻa", a ua haʻi aku ka oracle Delphius i kāna mau pule ma mua o ka colossus hanohano, i mea e ʻike ai ka poʻe i kahi ʻano o ke kuʻikahi, ka makaʻu a me ka mahalo. I kēia lā, ua nalowale kekahi o kēlā aloha no ka mea ʻike mākou ʻo ke kumu o ka lapalapa he methane (CH4) e kahe ana mai nā māwae i nā pōhaku e pili ana i ka hohonu o nā māla ʻenekini. Aia kekahi mau ahi like i loko o nā wahi he nui ma ʻIraka, ʻIrana a me Azerbaijan ma ke kapakai o ke kai Caspian, e kuni pū nei hoʻi i mau kenekulia a ua ʻike ʻia nā "mau ahi mau loa o Peresia."
Ma hope o nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻohana ka Kina i nā kinoea mai nā māla, akā me kahi kumu pragmatic - e hoʻomehana i nā paila nui me ka wai kai a lawe i ka paʻakai mai ia mea. I ka makahiki 1785, ua hana ka poʻe Pelekāne i ke ʻano hana no ka hana ʻana i ka methane mai ka lanahu (i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻenekini hoʻopau mua o loko), a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Kelemania ʻo Kekule lāua ʻo Stradonitz i kahi kaʻina hana no ka hana ʻana i ka wahie wai nui mai ia mea.
I ka makahiki 1881, ua wili ʻo William Hart i ka luawai kinoea mua ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Fredonia ʻAmelika. Ua nānā ʻo Hart i nā ʻōhū e piʻi aʻe ana i ka ʻili o ka wai ma ke kai kūʻono kokoke no ka manawa lōʻihi a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e ʻeli i lua mai ka lepo a i ke kahua kinoea i manaʻo ʻia. Ma kahi hohonu o ʻeiwa mau mika ma lalo o ka ʻili, ua hiki aku ʻo ia i kahi aʻa i puka mai ai ke kinoea, a ua hopu ʻia ʻo ia ma hope, a ua lilo kāna hui hou ʻo Fredonia Gas Light i paionia ma ka ʻoihana kinoea. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ka holomua o Hart, ʻo ke kinoea kukui i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kenekulia XNUMX i lawe ʻia mai ka lanahu ma ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia ma luna - ma muli o ka nele o ka hiki ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻenehana no ka lawe ʻana i ke kinoea maoli mai nā māla.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hana ʻaila ʻaila mua loa he ʻoiaʻiʻo ia. Ua hoʻomaka ko lākou moʻolelo ma ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 1859, a ʻo ka manaʻo e hoʻohana i ka ʻaila i unuhi ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻaila no ka kukui a me nā aila no nā ʻenekini mahu. I kēlā manawa, ua kū ka poʻe i ka mana luku o ke kinoea maoli, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā kaukani makahiki i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka honua. Aneane make na paionia o ka hui a Edwin Drake i ka wili mua ana ma kahi kokoke i Titusville, Pennsylvania, i ka wa i kulu ai ke kinoea mai ka naha, ua po mai ke ahi nunui, nana i lawe aku i na lako a pau. I kēia lā, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā māla aila a me ke kinoea e hui pū ʻia me kahi ʻōnaehana o nā hana kūikawā e pale ai i ke kahe manuahi o ke kinoea puhi, akā ʻaʻole maʻamau nā ahi a me nā pahū. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kinoea hoʻokahi i nā manawa he nui i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke ʻano o ka "pump" e hoʻolei ai i ka ʻaila i ka ʻili, a i ka wā e hāʻule ai kona kaomi, hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻaila e ʻimi a hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe e unuhi i ka "ʻeleʻele gula".
ʻO ka honua o nā kinoea hydrocarbon
I ka makahiki 1885, ʻehā makahiki ma hope o ka ʻeli kinoea mua ʻana o William Hart, ua haku ʻia kekahi mea ʻAmelika, ʻo Robert Bunsen, i mea hana i kapa ʻia ma hope ʻo "Bunsen burner". Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea i hana ʻia i ka dose a hui pū i ke kinoea a me ka ea i kahi kūpono kūpono, a laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka palekana - ʻo ia ka mea puhi ahi i kēia lā ke kumu o nā nozzles oxygen hou no nā kapuahi a me nā mea hoʻomehana. Ua wehe ʻo Bunsen i nā mea hou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kinoea kūlohelohe, akā ʻoiai ua kūkulu ʻia ka pipeline kinoea mua i ka makahiki 1891, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka wahie polū ka waiwai kalepa a hiki i ke Kaua Honua II.
ʻO ia i ka wā o ke kaua i hana ʻia ai nā ala kūpono o ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, kahi i hiki ai ke kūkulu i nā pipeline kinoea metala palekana. Ua kūkulu ʻia he mau kaukani mau kilomita o lākou ma ʻAmelika ma hope o ke kaua, a ua kūkulu ʻia ka pipeline mai Libya a i Italia i ka makahiki 60. Ua ʻike ʻia nā waihona nui o ke kinoea maoli ma Netherlands. Ua wehewehe kēia mau ʻike ʻelua i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kinoea kūlohelohe compressed (CNG) a me ke kinoea liquefied petroleum (LPG) ma ke ʻano he wahie kaʻa ma kēia mau ʻāina ʻelua. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi nui e hoʻomaka ana ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kinoea maoli e hōʻoia ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aʻe - i ka manawa i hoʻoholo ai ʻo Reagan e luku i ka "Evil Empire" i nā makahiki 80, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi paipu kinoea mai ka USSR i ʻEulopa. No ka uku ʻana i nā pono o ʻEulopa, ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pipeline gas mai ka ʻāpana Norewai o ke Kai ʻĀkau a hiki i ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa ke wikiwiki nei, a ke kau nei ka USSR. I kēlā manawa, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ke kumu nui o ke kālā paʻakikī no ka Soviet Union, a ʻo nā hemahema koʻikoʻi i hopena mai nā hana Reagan i alakaʻi koke ʻia i nā hanana kaulana kaulana o nā makahiki 90.
I kēia lā, ʻo Rūsia democratic ka mea hoʻolako nui i ke kinoea kūlohelohe i nā pono ikehu o Kelemania a he mea pāʻani nui honua ma kēia wahi. Ua hoʻomaka ke koʻikoʻi o ke kinoea kūlohelohe ma hope o nā pilikia aila ʻelua o nā makahiki 70, a i kēia lā ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu waiwai nui o ka geostrategic koʻikoʻi. I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kinoea maoli ka wahie ʻoi loa no ka hoʻomehana ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hānai i ka ʻoihana kemika, no ka hana uila, no nā mea hana hale, a hiki ke loaʻa i kāna "cousin" propane i loko o nā hue deodorant e like me ka deodorant. pani no nā pūhui fluorine hoʻopau ozone. Ke ulu mau nei ka ʻai ʻana i ke kinoea maoli, a ke hoʻolōʻihi nei ka ʻoihana paipu kinoea. ʻO nā mea hana i kūkulu ʻia i kēia manawa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia wahie i nā kaʻa, ua mamao loa nā mea a pau.
Ua haʻi mua mākou iā ʻoe e pili ana i nā hoʻoholo ʻē aʻe a ka poʻe Iapana i hana ai i ka hana ʻana i ka wahie i makemake nui ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, a ua ʻōlelo pū kekahi i ka papahana no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻaila synthetic ma Kelemānia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā makahiki kaua lean ma Kelemania he mau kaʻa maoli e holo ana ma ... lāʻau! I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole kēia he hoʻihoʻi i ka mīkini mahu kahiko maikaʻi, akā nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, i hana mua ʻia e holo ma luna o ka ʻaila. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paʻakikī loa ka manaʻo, akā pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele kinoea nui, kaumaha a weliweli. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka lanahu, ka lanahu a i ʻole ka lāʻau i loko o kahi mea mana kūikawā a paʻakikī ʻole. Ma ka lalo, ua puhi lākou i ka nele o ka oxygen, a ma nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa, hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi kinoea i loko o ka carbon monoxide, hydrogen a me ka methane. A laila hoʻomaʻalili ʻia, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, a hānai ʻia e ka peʻahi i loko o nā pahu komo o ka ʻenekini no ka hoʻohana ʻana i wahie. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hana nā mea hoʻokele o kēia mau mīkini i nā hana paʻakikī a paʻakikī o nā mea puhi ahi - pono e hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka paila a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa, a ʻo nā mīkini puhi puhi e like me nā locomotives mahu.
I kēia lā, koi ʻia ka ʻimi kinoea i kekahi o nā ʻenehana ʻoi loa o ka honua, a ʻo ka ʻili ʻana i ke kinoea maoli a me ka ʻaila kekahi o nā pilikia nui e kū nei i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ma US, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā ʻano hana ʻole e "momi" i ke kinoea i waiho ʻia ma nā māla kahiko a i haʻalele ʻia, a me ka huki ʻana i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "tight". Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, ʻelua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wili ʻana i kēia manawa no ka hana ʻana i ke kinoea ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻenehana i ka makahiki 1985. Hoʻonui nui ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano hana, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha o nā mea hana e 75%. Ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā polokalamu kamepiula paʻakikī e kālailai i ka ʻikepili mai nā gravimeters, nā ʻenehana seismic a me nā satelite laser, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā palapala ʻāina kamepiula ʻekolu-dimensional o nā waihona. Ua hana pū ʻia nā kiʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo 4D, mahalo i hiki ke ʻike i nā ʻano a me nā neʻe o nā waihona i ka manawa. Eia nō naʻe, ke noho nei nā hale hana hou no ka hana kinoea kūlohelohe ma waho o ke kai—he hapa wale nō o ka holomua kanaka ma kēia wahi—nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho honua no ka wili ʻana, ka ʻeli hohonu hohonu, nā paipu papahele moana, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. carbon monoxide a me ke one.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka aila e hana ai i ka ʻaila kiʻekiʻe he hana paʻakikī loa ia ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kinoea. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka lawe ʻana i ke kinoea ma ke kai. He paʻakikī loa ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā tankers LPG, akā he mea kupanaha nā mea lawe LNG. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Butane ma -2 degere, ʻoiai ʻo propane liquefies ma -42 degere a i ʻole ke kaomi haʻahaʻa. Eia naʻe, pono -165 degere e hoʻokahe i ka methane! No laila, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pahu pahu LPG ma mua o ke kinoea maoli a me nā pahu i hoʻolālā ʻia e kū ʻole i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe o 20-25 bar. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻolako ʻia nā pahu pahu hau kūlohelohe me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha hoʻomau a me nā pahu super-insulated - ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia mau colossi nā pahu hau cryogenic nui loa o ka honua. Eia naʻe, hiki i kahi hapa o ke kinoea ke "haʻalele" i kēia mau hoʻonohonoho, akā hopu koke ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe a hānai iā ia i loko o nā cylinders engine o ka moku.
No nā kumu i luna aʻe, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ka makahiki 1927 ua ʻae ka ʻenehana i nā pahu propane-butane mua e ola. ʻO kēia ka hana a ka Dutch-English Shell, i kēlā manawa he hui nunui. ʻO kāna haku ʻo Kessler he kanaka holomua a he mea hoʻokolohua i moeʻuhane lōʻihi e hoʻohana ma kekahi ʻano i ka nui o ke kinoea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka lewa a i ʻole i puhi ʻia i loko o nā hale hana ʻaila. Ma kona manaʻo a me kona manaʻo, ua hana ʻia ka moku mua loa me ka nui o 4700 tons no ka lawe ʻana i nā kinoea hydrocarbon me nā hiʻohiʻona nani a nani hoʻi ma luna o nā pahu pahu.
Eia nō naʻe, he kanakolukumamālua mau makahiki e pono ai ke kūkulu ʻana i ka mea lawe methane Methane Pioneer mua, i kūkulu ʻia ma ke kauoha a ka hui kinoea Constock International Methane Limited. Ua kūʻai aku ʻo Shell, nona kahi ʻoihana paʻa no ka hana ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka LPG, i kēia ʻoihana, a ʻaʻole koke i kūkulu ʻia ʻelua mau tankers nui - ua hoʻomaka ʻo Shell e hoʻomohala i ka ʻoihana kinoea kūlohelohe. I ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe kamaʻāina o ka moku ʻEnelani ʻo Conway, kahi e kūkulu ai ka ʻoihana i nā hale mālama methane, i ka mea i mālama ʻia a lawe ʻia i ko lākou mokupuni, haʻalulu lākou a makaʻu, me ka manaʻo (a pololei hoʻi) he mau pōkā nunui wale nō nā moku. A laila, pili maoli ka pilikia o ka palekana, akā i kēia lā, palekana loa nā tankers no ka lawe ʻana i ka methane liquefied a ʻaʻole wale kekahi o nā mea palekana, akā ʻo kekahi o nā moku kai maikaʻi loa - ʻoi aku ka palekana no ke kaiapuni ma mua o nā pahu aila. ʻO Iapana ka mea kūʻai nui loa o nā ʻauwaʻa tanker, ʻaʻohe kumu o ka ikehu kūloko, a ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i nā paipu kinoea i ka mokupuni he hana paʻakikī loa. Aia ʻo Iapana ka "paka" nui loa o nā kaʻa kinoea. ʻO nā mea hoʻolako nui o ke kinoea kūlohelohe (LNG) i kēia lā ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Oman a me Qatar, Kanada.
I kēia mau lā, ua ulu nui ka ʻoihana o ka hana ʻana i nā hydrocarbons wai mai ke kinoea maoli. ʻO kēia ka wahie diesel ultra-maʻemaʻe i hoʻohui ʻia mai ka methane, a manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻoihana e hoʻomohala i ka wikiwiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana. No ka laʻana, pono ke kulekele ikehu a Bush i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu ikehu kūloko, a he nui nā waihona kinoea maoli o Alaska. Hoʻoulu ʻia kēia mau kaʻina hana e nā kumukūʻai aila kiʻekiʻe, e hana ana i nā koi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana makamae - ʻo GTL (Gas-to-Liquids) kekahi o lākou.
ʻO ke kumu, ʻaʻole ʻo GTL kahi ʻenehana hou. Ua hana ʻia ia i ka makahiki 20 e ka poʻe loea Kelemania ʻo Franz Fischer lāua ʻo Hans Tropsch, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā puke i hala ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kā lākou papahana synthetic. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa i ka hydrogenation luku ʻana o ka lanahu, nā hana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā molekala māmā i loko o nā paʻa lōʻihi e hana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. Ke hana nei ʻo ʻApelika Hema i kēlā wahie ma kahi ʻoihana ʻenehana mai ka makahiki 50. Eia naʻe, ua ulu ka hoihoi iā lākou i nā makahiki i hala iho nei i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā manawa hou e hōʻemi ai i nā hoʻokuʻu wahie pōʻino ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO nā hui aila nui e like me BP, ChevronTexaco, Conoco, ExxonMobil, Rentech, Sasol a me Royal Dutch/Shell ke hoʻolilo nei i nā kālā nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana pili i ka GTL, a ma muli o kēia mau hanana, ke kūkākūkā nui ʻia nei nā ʻano politika a me ka pilikanaka ma ka maka o ka hooikaika ana. ʻauhau ma luna o nā mea kūʻai wahie maʻemaʻe. ʻO kēia mau wahie e ʻae i nā mea kūʻai aku i ka wahie diesel e hoʻololi iā ia me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni a e hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai i nā hui kaʻa e hālāwai me nā pae hou o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻino i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ke kānāwai. Hōʻike ka hoʻāʻo hohonu hou e hōʻemi ana nā wahie GTL i ka carbon monoxide ma 90%, hydrocarbons ma 63% a me ka soot ma 23% me ka ʻole o ka pono o nā kānana particulate diesel. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke ʻano haʻahaʻa-sulfur o kēia wahie e hiki ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā catalysts ʻē aʻe e hiki ai ke hōʻemi hou i nā hoʻokuʻu kaʻa.
ʻO kahi pono nui o ka wahie GTL hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia i nā ʻenekela diesel me ka ʻole o nā hoʻololi i nā anakuhi. Hiki iā lākou ke kāwili ʻia me nā wahie i loaʻa he 30 a 60 ppm sulfur. ʻAʻole like me nā kinoea kūlohelohe a me nā aila ʻenekini liquefied, ʻaʻohe pono e hoʻololi i nā hanana halihali e kū nei e lawe i nā wahie wai. Wahi a Rentech Pelekikena Denis Yakubson, hiki i kēia ʻano wahie ke hoʻokō pono i ka hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai eko o nā ʻenekini diesel, a ke kūkulu nei ʻo Shell i kahi kanu he $ 22,3 biliona nui ma Qatar me kahi hoʻolālā hoʻolālā XNUMX miliona mau lita o ka wahie synthetic i kēlā me kēia lā. ... ʻO ka pilikia nui loa me kēia mau wahie mai ke kumu waiwai nui i koi ʻia i nā pono hou a me ka hana hana maʻamau maʻamau.
ʻO Biogas
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ke kumu o ka methane wale nō ma lalo o ka lepo. I ka makahiki 1808, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Humphry Davy me ka mauʻu i waiho ʻia i loko o kahi pahu hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hana i kahi biogas i loko o ka methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen a me ka nitrogen. Ua kamaʻilio pū ʻo Daniel Defoe e pili ana i ka biogas ma kāna puke e pili ana i ka "moku i nalowale". Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka mōʻaukala o kēia manaʻo - i ke kenekulia 1776, ua manaʻo ʻo Jan Baptita Van Helmont e hiki ke loaʻa nā kinoea puhi ahi mai ka decomposition o nā mea kūlohelohe, a ua hele pū ʻo Count Alexander Volta (ka mea nāna i hana i ka pākaukau) i nā hopena like. i ka makahiki 1859. Ua hoʻomaka ka mea kanu biogas mua ma Bombay a ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki hoʻokahi i hana ai ʻo Edwin Drake i ka hana ʻaila ʻaila mua loa. Hana ʻia kahi mea kanu ʻĀina i nā faeces a hoʻolako i ke kinoea no nā kukui alanui.
He lōʻihi ka manawa ma mua o ka hoʻomaopopo a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o nā hana kemika i ka hana ʻana i nā biogas. Ua hiki wale kēia i nā makahiki 30 o ke kenekulia XX a ʻo ka hopena o kahi lele i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka microbiology. Ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia hana e nā bacteria bacteria anaerobic, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ola kahiko loa ma ka Honua. "Wili" lākou i nā meaola i loko o kahi anaerobic (pono ka decomposition aerobic i ka nui o ka oxygen a hana i ka wela). Kūleʻa kūlohelohe kēlā ʻano hana i nā kahawai, nā mānoho, nā māla paddy, nā alo kai uhi ʻia, a pēlā aku.
Ke kaulana nei nā ʻōnaehana hana biogas hou i kekahi mau ʻāina, a he alakaʻi ʻo Suedena i ka hana biogas a me nā kaʻa i hoʻololi ʻia e holo ma luna. Hoʻohana nā ʻāpana Synthesis i nā biogenerators i hoʻolālā ʻia, nā mea maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e hana i kahi ʻano kūpono no ka bacteria, e pili ana i kā lākou ʻano, "hana" maikaʻi loa i nā mahana mai 40 a 60 degere. ʻO nā huahana hope o nā mea kanu biogas, ma waho aʻe o ke kinoea, loaʻa pū kekahi i nā pūhui waiwai i ka amonia, phosphorus a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahiʻai e like me nā mea kanu lepo.
