ʻO ka pale ea ikaika o Warsaw i ka makahiki 1939

ʻO ka pale ea ikaika o Warsaw i ka makahiki 1939. ʻO Warsaw, kahi o Vienna Railway Station ( kihi o ke alanui Marszałkowska a me Ierusalema Alley). 7,92mm Browning wz. 30 ma kahi kahua anti-aircraft.

I ka wā o ke kaua pale kaua o Polani, he hapa nui o ia mau kaua no Warsaw, i kaua ʻia a hiki i ka lā 27 o Kepakemapa, 1939. Hōʻike kikoʻī ʻia nā hana ma ka ʻāina. ʻAʻole i ʻike nui ʻia nā kaua pale ea o ke kapikala ikaika, ʻoi aku ka anti-aircraft artillery.

Hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka ea o ke kapikala i ka makahiki 1937. Ua pili pū lākou me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Pelekikena o ka Repubalika o Polani i Iune 1936 o ka State Air Defense Inspectorate i alakaʻi ʻia e Major General V. Orlich-Drezer, a ma hope o kona make pōʻino ma Iulai 17, 1936, brig. Kauka Jozef Zajonc. Hoʻomaka ka mea hope e hana i ʻAukake 1936 ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pale ea o ka mokuʻāina. I ʻApelila 1937, me ke kōkua ʻana o kahi pūʻulu nui o nā limahana o ka pūʻali koa, nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻelele o ka hoʻokele kīwila mokuʻāina, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka manaʻo o ka mokuʻāina. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ia ke koho ʻana ma ka ʻāina, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, he 17 mau kikowaena o ka pūʻali koa a me ke koʻikoʻi waiwai, pono e pale ʻia mai nā hoʻouka kaua. Ma nā keʻena o nā ʻāpana o ke kino, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana no ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻāina ea. E hoʻopuni ʻia kēlā me kēia kikowaena e nā kaulahao ʻelua o nā pou ʻike, aia kekahi o 100 km mai ke kikowaena, a ʻo kekahi 60 km. Pono kēlā me kēia pou ma nā wahi he 10 km kaʻawale mai kēlā me kēia - i hui pū nā mea āpau i hoʻokahi ʻōnaehana ma ka ʻāina. ʻO nā kūlana i hui pū ʻia: ʻo ia nā mākaʻi, nā luna ʻaʻole i kau ʻia a me nā mea pilikino o ka waihona ʻaʻole i koho ʻia i ka pūʻali koa, nā limahana leka, nā mea komo i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kaua, nā mea manawaleʻa (scouts, nā lālā o ka Union of Air and Gas Defense) , a me na wahine. Ua lako me: kelepona, binoculars a me ka panana. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo 800 o ia mau wahi ma ka ʻāina, a ua pili kā lākou kelepona i ka pou nānā ʻāina (waena). Ma Sepatemaba 1939, i ka hale o ka Polani Post ma ke alanui. Poznanskaya ma Warsaw. ʻO ka pūnaewele nui o nā pou i hoʻolaha a puni Warsaw - 17 platoons a me 12 pou.

Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mea hana ma nā pūna kelepona ma nā pou, kahi i hiki ai ke kamaʻilio aunoa me ke kikowaena, e hoʻopau i nā kamaʻilio āpau ma ka laina ma waena o ka pou a me ka pahu nānā. Aia ma luna o kēlā me kēia pahu pahu nā luna me nā pūʻali koa o nā luna hoʻokō ʻole a me nā mea hōʻailona maʻamau. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka pahu e loaʻa i nā hōʻike mai nā pou nānā, e ʻōlelo ana i nā wahi e pilikia ai ka pohō, a me ka pahu nānā nui. ʻO ka loulou hope loa he mea hoʻomalu koʻikoʻi o ka luna hoʻomalu ea o ka ʻāina a he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o kona keʻena nui. He ʻilihune loa ka hale holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano o ka density i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāina Komohana ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi pōʻino ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻololi kelepona a me ka pūnaewele kelepona o ka ʻāina, i maʻalahi loa e haki i ka wā o ka hakakā - a ua hiki koke kēia.

Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka hana e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻōnaehana pale ea o ka ʻāina i ka makahiki 1938 a i ka makahiki 1939. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o kahi hoʻouka kaua Kelemania iā Polani ua lilo maoli. I ka makahiki o ke kaua, ʻo 4 miliona zlotys wale nō i hāʻawi ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pūnaewele nānā. Ua kauoha ʻia nā ʻoihana ʻoihana mokuʻāina koʻikoʻi e kūʻai ma kā lākou uku ponoʻī i kahi platoon o 40-mm wz. 38 Bofors (nā lilo PLN 350). ʻO nā hale hana e hoʻohana ʻia e nā limahana, a na ka pūʻali koa kā lākou aʻo ʻana. ʻO nā limahana o ka mea kanu a me nā luna mālama i hoʻonohonoho ʻia iā lākou, ua mākaukau maikaʻi loa lākou no ka mālama ʻana i nā pū hou a me ka hakakā ʻana i nā mokulele ʻenemi ma nā papa debugging wikiwiki a pōkole.

I Malaki i ka makahiki 1939, ʻo Brigadier General Dr. Józef Zajonc. I kēlā mahina hoʻokahi, ua lawe ʻia nā hana e hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ke kūlana ʻenehana o ka lawelawe nānā. Ke kauoha hoomalu ea o ke kulanakauhale o M. Koa. noi mai na luna o na apana hui no ka hoomakaukau ana i na hoololi kelepona hou a me na keena kelepona, e hoonui i ka heluna o na laina kelepona pololei, a pela aku 1 kaa) me 13 mau platoons nana, 75 kelepona brigades a me 353 mau lekiō. kūlana: 14 N9S lekiō a me 19 RKD lekiō) .

I ka manawa mai Malaki 22 a Malaki 25, 1939, ua komo nā pailaka o ka III / 1st Fighter Squadron i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa e pale i ka pā o ke kapikala. Ma muli o kēia, ua ʻike ʻia nā āpau i ka ʻōnaehana no ka nānā ʻana i ka pale o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ua ʻike ʻia ua lohi loa ka PZL-11 i ka wā i makemake ai lākou e hoʻopaʻa i nā pōkā PZL-37 Łoś wikiwiki. Ma keʻano o ka wikiwiki, ua kūpono ia no ka hakakāʻana i ka Fokker F. VII, Lublin R-XIII a me PZL-23 Karaś. Ua hana hou ʻia nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mahina ma hope. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mokulele ʻenemi i lele i ka wikiwiki e like me ka wikiwiki a i ʻole ka PZL-37 Łoś.

ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Warsaw i nā hoʻolālā o ke kauoha no nā hana kaua ma ka honua i ka makahiki 1939. Ma muli o kona koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ka ʻāina - ʻo ia ke kikowaena nui o ka mana aupuni, kahi kikowaena ʻoihana nui a me kahi kikowaena kamaʻilio koʻikoʻi - pono ia e hoʻomākaukau e hakakā i nā mokulele ʻenemi. Ua loaʻa i ka hui kaʻaahi Warsaw me ʻelua alahao a me ʻelua alahaka ma waena o Vistula. Mahalo i nā kamaʻilio mau, hiki ke hoʻololi koke i nā pūʻali mai ka hikina Polani a i ke komohana, hāʻawi i nā lako a neʻe paha i nā pūʻali.

ʻO ke kapikala ke kūlanakauhale nui loa e pili ana i ka heluna kanaka a me ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāina. A hiki i Kepakemapa 1, 1939, 1,307 miliona 380 miliona mau kānaka i noho i loko, me kahi o 22 tausani. na Iudaio. Nui ke kūlanakauhale: mai ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 1938, 14, ua ʻoi aku ma luna o 148 ʻeka (141 km²), kahi o ka ʻaoʻao hema he 9179 ʻeka (17 063 mau hale), a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau - 4293 ​​8435 mau ʻeka (676 63 mau ʻeka). hale), a me ka Vistula - ma kahi o 50 ha. ʻO ka palena o ke kūlanakauhale he 14 km. ʻO ka nui o ka'āpana, koe naʻe ka Vistula, ma kahi o 5% o ka'āpana i kūkuluʻia; ma nā alanui cobbled a me nā ʻāpana, ma nā paka, nā ʻāpana a me nā ilina - 1%; no nā wahi kaʻaahi - 30% a no nā wahi wai - XNUMX%. ʻO ke koena, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o XNUMX%, ua noho ʻia e kahi wahi i kūkulu ʻole ʻia me nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, nā alanui a me nā māla pilikino.

Hoʻomākaukau no ka pale

Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā loina o ka pale ea o ke kapikala. Ma ke kauoha a ka luna hoʻomalu ea o ka Warsaw Center, ua mālama ʻia kahi pūʻulu o ka pale ikaika, pale passive a me kahi tank reconnaissance me kahi kikowaena hōʻailona. ʻO ka hapa mua: nā mokulele hakakā, nā mea kaua kūʻē i ka mokulele, nā pū mīkini anti-aircraft, nā baluna pale, nā kukui hulina kūʻē i ka mokulele. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pale passive ma ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia kamaʻāina ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka mokuʻāina a me ka hoʻokele kūloko, a me nā brigades ahi, nā mākaʻi, a me nā haukapila.

Ke hoʻi nei i ka pale ikaika o ka pale, ua komo ka mokulele i kahi Pursuit Brigade i hoʻokumu kūikawā ʻia no kēia hana. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona keʻena nui ma ke kauoha hoʻoneʻe i ke kakahiaka o ʻAukake 24, 1939. I ka pūnāwai o 1937, ua hānau ʻia ka manaʻo e hoʻokumu i kahi hui hahai holoholona kūikawā no ka pale ʻana i ke kapikala, i kapa ʻia ma hope o ka Pursuit Brigade. ʻO ia ka manawa i kauoha ai ka Luna Nui o ka Pūʻali Koa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi Pūʻulu PTS no ka Control Aviation of the Supreme High Command me ka hana o ka pale ʻana i ke kapikala. A laila, manaʻo ʻia mai ka hikina mai. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hui i ʻelua mau pūʻali koa Warsaw o ka 1st air regiment - III / 1 a me IV / 1. I ka hihia o ke kaua, e hana nā pūʻali ʻelua (dion) mai nā kahua mokulele kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale. Ua koho ʻia ʻelua mau wahi: ma Zielonka, i kēlā manawa ʻo 10 km ke kūlanakauhale ma ka hikina o ke kapikala, a ma ka māla o Obora, 15 km hema o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka wahi hope iā Pomiechowek, a i kēia lā ʻo ia ka ʻāina o ke kaona ʻo Wieliszew.

Ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka pilikia ma ʻAukake 24, 1939, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke keʻena nui o ka brigade, ʻo ia hoʻi: ka luna - Lutenant Colonel. ʻO Stefan Pawlikovsky (ka luna hoʻomalu o ka regiment air 1), hope lieutenant colonel. Leopold Pamula, Luna Nui - Major Dipl. inu. ʻO Eugeniusz Wyrwicki, luna hoʻolālā - kāpena. dipl. inu. ʻO Stefan Lashkevich, luna no nā hana kūikawā - kapena. inu. ʻO Stefan Kolodynski, luna ʻenehana, lutanela 1. ʻenehana. Franciszek Centar, luna hoʻolako ʻo Capt. inu. ʻO Tadeusz Grzymilas, ke alakaʻi o ke keʻena nui - pāpale. inu. ʻO Julian Plodovsky, adjutant - papa lieutenant. Zbigniew Kustrzynski. ʻO ka 5th anti-aircraft radio intelligence company ma lalo o ke kauoha a Kāpena V. General Tadeusz Legeżyński (1 N3 / S a me 1 N2L / L nā lekiō) a me ka hui pale mokulele mokulele (8 platoons) - 650 Hotchkiss-type heavy machine guns ( luna koa Lieutenant Anthony Yazvetsky). Ma hope o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana, aia ka pūʻali koa ma kahi o 65 mau koa, me 54 mau luna. He 3 mau mea kaua, 8 mau mokulele RWD-1 (ka papa helu helu 83) a me 24 mau pailaka. Ua hoʻopuka nā pūʻali ʻelua i nā kī hana no nā mokulele ʻelua, i hana ʻia ma nā hangars ma Okents mai ʻAukake 1. Ua lawe ʻia nā pā o nā koa a ua pāpā ʻia lākou e haʻalele i ke kahua mokulele. Ua lako pono nā pailaka: nā lole ʻili, nā kāmaʻa huluhulu a me nā mīkina lima, a me nā palapala ʻāina o nā puni o Warsaw ma kahi pālākiō o 300: 000 29. ʻEhā mau pūʻali i lele mai Okentse i nā kahua mokulele ma ʻAukake 18 ma 00 hola.

ʻElua mau pūʻali koa o ka 1st air regiment: III / 1, aia ma Zielonka kokoke i Warsaw (kapena, kāpena Zdzislaw Krasnodenbsky: 111th a me 112th fighter squadrons) a me IV / 1, i hele i Poniatow kokoke i Jablonna (kapena kāpena. Adam Kowalczyk: 113th a me 114th EM). No ke kahua mokulele ma Poniatów, aia ia i ka Count Zdzisław Groholski, ma kahi i ʻike ʻia e nā kamaʻāina ʻo Pyzhovy Kesh.

He 44 mau pūʻali koa PZL-11a a me C. Ua loaʻa iā III/1 Squadron he 21 a me IV/1 Dyon he 23. Ua loaʻa i kekahi mau lekiō lele. I kekahi, ʻokoʻa ʻelua ʻelua 7,92 mm wz. He 33 mau PVU me 500 mau poka no ka panapana no elua mau kilomika hou ma na eheu o 300 puni pakahi.

A hiki i ka 1 Kepakemapa ma kahi o 6:10 123. EM mai III/2 Dyon mai 10 PZL P.7a i pae i Poniatów. No ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka brigade, ua kauoha ʻia nā pailaka o ka 2nd Aviation Regiment mai Krakow e lele i Okentse ma Warsaw ma ʻAukake 31. A laila, i ke kakahiaka nui o Sepatemaba 1, lele lākou i Poniatow.

ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo ka brigade i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi no kāna hana i ka wā kaua: kahi hui mokulele, kahi kolamu lawe a me nā ʻauwaʻa mokulele. Ua hoʻonāwaliwali loa kēia i ka mālama ʻana i kona hiki ke kaua, me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea hana ma ke kula a me ka maneuverability.

E like me nā hoʻolālā, ua hoʻonoho ʻia ka pūʻali hoʻomāinoino ma lalo o ke kauoha a Konela V. Art. Kazimierz Baran (1890-1974). Ma hope o nā kūkākūkāʻana,ʻo Colonel Pawlikovsky me ka luna hoʻomalu o ka ea o ka Warsaw Center a me ke Keʻena nui o ka Air Force Commander-in-Chief, uaʻaeʻia e hana kūʻokoʻa ka brigade ma kahi ma waho o ka'āpana puʻupuʻu o ka pūnaewele Warsaw Center. .

Ua komo ka Air Defense o Warsaw i ke kauoha a ka Warsaw Air Defense Center, i alakaʻi ʻia e Colonel Kazimierz Baran (ka luna o ka hui anti-aircraft artillery i ka wā maluhia, ka luna o ka 1st anti-aircraft artillery regiment o Marshal Eduard Rydz-Smigly ma Warsaw ma. 1936-1939); Hope Luna Hoʻokele o ka Pūʻali Puʻuwai Lewa no Active Air Defense - Lieutenant Colonel Franciszek Joras; Luna Nui o na limahana Major Dipl. Anthony Mordasevich; adjutant - kāpena. Jakub Chmielewski; luna hoʻopili - capt. Konstantin Adamsky; luna waiwai - Kāpena Jan Dzyalak a me nā limahana, hui kamaʻilio, nā mea hoʻokele, nā ʻelele - ma kahi o 50 mau mea pilikino i ka huina.

Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana pale ea ma ka pō o ʻAukake 23-24, 1939. Paena pūnaewele o ke keʻena pale ea. Ma Warsaw, aia kahi hale moe ma ka waihona Handlowy ma ke alanui. Mazowiecka 16 ma Warsaw. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka hana ma ka hopena o ʻAukake 1939 a hana ma laila a hiki i ka 25 Kepakemapa. A laila, a hiki i ka hāʻawi pio ʻana, aia ʻo ia i loko o ka bunker o ka Warsaw Defense Command ma ke alanui. Marshalkovskaya i ka hale o ka OPM.

Ma ka lā 31 o ʻAukake, 1939, ua hoʻopuka ʻia kahi kauoha pilikia no nā pū kipi mokulele. No laila, ua kau ʻia nā pūʻali koa anti-aircraft o ka pale ea o ka ʻāina ma nā kūlana o nā ʻoihana nui, kamaʻilio, pūʻali koa a me nā keʻena hoʻokele. ʻO ka helu nui loa o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kapikala. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pūʻali i koe i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana nui a me nā kahua mokulele.

ʻEhā mau pū anti-aircraft 75-mm i hoʻouna ʻia i Warsaw (hale hana: 11, 101, 102, 103), ʻelima mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa semi-permanent 75-mm pū (hale hana: 101, 102, 103, 156., 157.), 1 75 mm pā kaua kaʻaahi tractor. Ua hoʻohui ʻia i kēia he 13 mau pū kaua semi-stationary anti-aircraft platoons - platoons: 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110.), ʻekolu platoons "factory" (Zakłady PZL No. 1, PZL No. 2 a me Polskie Zakłady Optical) a me kahi hoʻolālā "aviation" hou No. 181. ʻAʻole i hoʻolohe ka mea hope i ke kolonela. ʻO Baran a uhi i ke kahua mokulele No. 1 o ka mokulele ʻo Okentse. No ka Airbase No. 1 ma Okęcie, ma waho aʻe o ʻelua Bofors, ua pale ʻia ia e 12 Hotchkiss mau pū mīkini kaumaha a he 13,2 mm wz paha. 30 Hotchkisses (ʻelima paha?).

No nā ʻokoʻa anti-aircraft, ʻo ka hapa nui loa o nā pūʻali i Warsaw: 10 mau ʻāpana semi-permanent wz. 97 a wz. 97/25 (40 75 mm pu), 1 alahele (2 75 mm pū wz. 97/17), 1 lā kaʻa (3 mau pahu kaʻa - 12 75 mm pū wz. 36St), 5 semi-permanent batteries (20 75). mm wz.37St pū). He 19 mau pahu o na pu 75-mm o na manao like ole, he 74 pu. Ua pale ʻia ke kapikala e ka hapa nui o ka 75mm wz hou loa. 36 St a me wz. 37St mai Starachowice - 32 mai 44 i hana ʻia. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā pākahi a pau me nā pū 75-mm hou i nā mea kikowaena, kahi i kaupalena ʻia ko lākou hiki ke kaua. Ma mua o ke kaua, ʻewalu wale nō o kēia mau kāmela i hoʻopuka ʻia. I ka hihia o kēia mea hana, he A wz. 36 PZO-Lev pūnaewele, nona nā ʻāpana nui ʻekolu:

a) ʻO ka mea hoʻokele stereoscopic me ke kumu o 3 m (ma hope me ke kumu o 4 m a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o 24 mau manawa), altimeter a me ka speedometer. Mahalo iā lākou, ua ana ʻia ka laulā i ka pahuhopu i ʻike ʻia, a me ke kiʻekiʻe, ka wikiwiki a me ke kuhikuhi o ka lele e pili ana i ke kūlana o ka pā o nā pū anti-aircraft.

b) He calculator nāna i hoʻololi i ka ʻikepili mai ka ʻāpana rangefinder (e noʻonoʻo ana i nā hoʻololi i hana ʻia e ke alakaʻi pākaukau) i nā ʻāpana kī ʻana no kēlā me kēia pū o ka pākaukau, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻO ka kihi ākea (azimuth), ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pahu pū a me ka mamao e pono ai ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka fuse no ke kī ʻana o ka projectile - ka mea i kapa ʻia. hoʻokaʻawale.

c) Pūnaehana uila ma lalo o ka uila DC (4 V). Ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i ʻekolu mau mea hoʻokipa i hoʻokomo ʻia ma kēlā me kēia pū i nā ʻāpana pana i kūkulu ʻia e ka ʻāpana hoʻololi.

Ua hūnā ʻia ka mea kikowaena holoʻokoʻa i loko o ʻeono pahu kūikawā i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana. He 30 minuke ka hui i hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia e hoʻomohala ai, ʻo ia hoʻi. ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hele ʻana i ke kūlana hakakā.

Ua mālama ʻia ka mea hana e nā koa he 15, ʻelima o lākou i loko o ka pūʻulu ʻike, ʻelima hou i ka hui helu helu, a ʻo ka ʻelima hope i hoʻomalu i nā mea hoʻokipa i kau ʻia ma luna o nā pū. ʻO ka hana a ka poʻe lawelawe i nā mea hoʻokipa e hōʻoia i nā hōʻailona tilt me ​​ka lawe ʻole ʻana i nā heluhelu a me nā ana. ʻO ka manawa o nā hōʻailona, ​​​​ua mākaukau ka pū e kī. Ua hana maikaʻi ka mea hana i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka pahuhopu ma kahi mamao o 2000 m a 11000 m, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 800 m a 8000 m a neʻe i ka wikiwiki o 15 a 110 m / s, a ʻo ka manawa lele o ka projectile ʻaʻole. ʻoi aku ma mua o 35 kekona ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hopena pana, ʻehiku ʻano hoʻoponopono hiki ke hana i ka helu helu. Ua ʻae lākou, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e noʻonoʻo: ka hopena o ka makani ma ke ala lele o ka projectile, ka neʻe ʻana o ka pahuhopu i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka lele ʻana, ka mamao ma waena o nā mea kikowaena a me ke kūlana o ka pā kaua, pēlā. -kapa ʻia. paralake.

ʻO ka pahupaʻi kiʻi mua o kēia pūʻulu i hana piha ʻia e ka hui Farani Optique et Precision de Levallois. A laila ua hana ʻia nā kope ʻelua, ʻekolu a me ʻehā ma Optique et Precision de Levallois (ka mea hoʻokalakupua a me nā ʻāpana āpau o ka helu helu) a ʻo kekahi hapa ma ka Polish Optical Factory SA (kahi hui o nā mea kikowaena a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea lawe pū a pau). I ke koena o nā kiʻi kiʻi Optique et Precision de Levallois, ʻo nā mea ʻimi kikoʻī a me nā hoʻolei alumini wale nō o nā pahu helu helu i hele mai mai Farani mai. Hoʻomau ka hana no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mea kikowaena i nā manawa a pau. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke kope mua o ke kŘkohu hou me kahi mea hoʻohālikelike me ke kumu o 5 m e hāʻawi ʻia iā Polskie Zakłady Optyczne SA ma ka lā 1 o Malaki, 1940.

Ma waho aʻe o ka pākaukau 75 mm, aia he 14 semi-permanent platoons me 40 mm wz. 38 "Bofors": 10 pūʻali koa, ʻekolu "factory" a me hoʻokahi "air", he 28 40-mm pū. Ua hoʻouna koke ʻo Konela Baran i ʻelima platun no ka pale ʻana i nā hale ma waho o ke kapikala:

a) ma Palmyra - nā pahu pahu, he lālā o ka Main Armament Depot No. 1 - 4 pū;

b) ma Rembertov - hale hana pauda

- 2 mau hana;

c) i Łowicz - a puni ke kūlanakauhale a me nā kahua kaʻaahi

- 2 mau hana;

d) i Gura Kalwaria - a puni ke alahaka ma luna o ka Vistula - 2 mau hana.

ʻEiwa platoons i noho ma ke kapikala, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻekolu "hale hana" a me hoʻokahi "ea".

Ma ka hihia o ka 10 platoons i hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka Regiment 1, ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou i loko o ka pā kaua ma Bernerow ma 27-29 ʻAukake. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana improvised mai nā koena o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea pilikino a me nā luna mālama. Ua kākoʻo ʻia nā luna ʻōpio a ʻoihana i nā pākahi o nā māhele infantry (type A - 4 pū) a i ʻole nā ​​pūʻali koa lio (type B - 2 pū). ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka poʻe mālama mālama ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā limahana limahana, a ʻaʻole ʻike nā luna mālama iā Warsaw a me nā wahi a puni. Ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā platun a pau i nā kūlana kiʻi.

a hiki i ka la 30 o Augate.

I loko o ka Air Defense Directorate o ka Warsaw Center aia he 6 mau luna, 50 pilikino, i loko o nā pahu pale ea he 103 mau luna a me 2950 mau luna, ma ka huina o 109 mau luna a me 3000 pilikino. No ka pale ikaika o ka lani ma luna o Warsaw i ka lā 1 o Kepakemapa, 1939, 74 mau pū o 75 mm caliber a me 18 mau pū o 40 mm caliber wz. 38 Bofors, 92 mau pū a pau. Ma ka manawa like, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻelua o ʻelima mau pūʻulu anti-aircraft i hoʻolālā ʻia o ke ʻano "B" no ke kaua (4 platoons o 4 mau pū mīkini, he 32 mau pū mīkini kaumaha, 10 nā luna a me 380 pilikino, me nā kaʻa ʻole); ʻO nā hui ʻekolu i koe o ke ʻano A (me nā kaʻa kaʻa lio) i hoʻouna ʻia e ka luna o ka mokulele a me ka pale lewa e uhi i nā kikowaena ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻekolu mau hui o nā kukui hulina anti-aircraft: ka 11th, 14th, 17th hui, he 21 mau luna a me 850 mau mea pilikino. He 10 mau platoons me 36 mau kukui Maison Bréguet a me Sautter-Harlé, a me ʻelima mau hui baluna barrage ma kahi o 10 mau mākaʻi, 400 mau kānaka i koho ʻia a me 50 baluna.

Ma ka lā 31 o ʻAukake, ua hoʻonoho ʻia nā pū kaua anti-aircraft 75 mm i ʻehā pūʻulu:

1. "Vostok" - 103rd semi-permanent artillery squadron o ka pauku (commandant Major Mieczysław Zilber; 4 pu wz. 97 a me 12 pu o 75 mm wz. 97/25 caliber) a me ka 103rd semi-permanent pākahiko o ka Division. ʻano I (e ʻike iā Kędzierski - 4 37 mm pū wz.75St.

2. "North": 101st semi-permanent artillery squadron Plot (kapena Major Michal Khrol-Frolovich, squadron batteries and commander: 104. - Lieutenant Leon Svyatopelk-Mirsky, 105 - Kapena Cheslav Maria Geraltovsky, 106. - Kapena. — 12 wz. 97/25 caliber 75 mm); 101. Puka pu panapana Semi-permanent Section type I (kapena Lieutenant Vincenty Dombrovsky; 4 pu wz. 37St, caliber 75 mm).

3. "South" - 102nd semi-permanent artillery squadron Plot (ka hoʻokele Major Roman Nemchinsky, nā alakaʻi pākahi: 107th - reserve lieutenant Edmund Scholz, 108th - lieutenant Vaclav Kaminsky, 109th - lieutenant Jerzy Mazurkiewicz 12. 97 mm), 25. Semi-permanent artillery pākahiko Apana ʻano I (kapena Lutanela Vladislav Shpiganovich; 75 pū wz. 102St, caliber 4 mm).

4. "Medium" - ka 11th motorized anti-aircraft artillery squadron, hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka 156th a me 157th type I semi-permanent artillery batteries (me kēlā me kēia me 4 37-mm pū wz. 75St).

Eia kekahi, ua hoʻouna ʻia ka 1st District Artillery and Tractor Battery iā Sekerki (ka luna - Lieutenant Zygmunt Adessman; 2 cannons 75 mm wz. 97/17), a ʻo kahi platoon semi-permanent "air" pale i ka mokulele Okentse Okentse - kapena observatory Miroslav. ʻO Prodan, ka luna koa platoon o ke kahua mokulele No.

wz. 38 Bofors).

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā puʻupuʻu 75 mm medium caliber (10 mau pahu) i loaʻa nā lako mai ke Kaua Honua Mua. ʻAʻole hiki i ka laulā a i ʻole nā ​​mea ana ana ke hiki a hoʻopaʻa i ka wikiwiki o ka mokulele Kelemania e lele ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe a me ka wikiwiki. ʻO ke ana ʻana i nā mea hana i loko o nā pila me nā pū Farani kahiko e hiki ke puhi i nā mokulele lele i ka wikiwiki a hiki i 200 km / h.

ʻO nā pūʻali koa kūʻē i ka mokulele Semi-permanent me nā pūkuniahi 2 o 40 mm wz. 38 "Bofors" ua hoʻonoho ʻia ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ke kūlanakauhale: nā alahaka, nā hale hana a me ke kahua mokulele. Ka helu o nā platoons: 105th (lutanela / lieutenant / Stanislav Dmukhovsky), 106th (lutenant noho Witold M. Pyasetsky), 107th (kapena Zygmunt Jezersky), 108th (cadet commander Nikolai Dunin-Martsinkevich), 109-th Lieutenant Junior S. Pyasecki) a me ka "factory" Polish Mortgages of Optics (commander NN), ʻelua "factory" platoons: PZL "Motniki" (hoʻoneʻe ʻia e nā mea kanu Polish o Lotnichny Conclusions Motnikov Nr 1 ma Warsaw, ka luna - kapena kapena Jakub Jan Hruby) a PZL "Płatowce" (hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze Wytwórnia Płatowców No. 1 ma Warsaw, luna - N.N.).

Ma ka hihia o Bofors, wz. 36, a me nā papa kaua semi-permanent, "factory" a me "air" platoons i loaʻa iā wz. 38. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui, ʻo ka mua he koʻi pālua, ʻoiai he koʻi hoʻokahi ko ka hope. ʻO nā huila o ka hope, ma hope o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o ka pū mai ka huakaʻi i ke kaua, ua hoʻopau ʻia a kū ʻo ia ma kahi kumu ʻekolu-keel. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā platun semi-solid kā lākou kaʻa kaʻa, akā hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kā lākou mau pū i kahi huki a neʻe i kahi ʻē aʻe.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā pū Bofors a pau nā mākaʻikaʻi K.3 me ke kumu o 1,5 m (ua ana lākou i ka mamao i ka pahu hopu). Ma mua o ke kaua, ua kūʻai ʻia ma kahi o 140 rangefinders ma Farani a hana ʻia ma lalo o ka laikini no PZO ma 9000 zlotys i kēlā me kēia no kahi 500 mau pū anti-aircraft. ʻAʻohe o lākou i loaʻa ka wikiwiki, "ʻaʻohe manawa" e kūʻai ai ma mua o ke kaua no 5000 zlotys, no kekahi o nā kumu o ke kaʻina koho lōʻihi mai ka puna 1937 a hiki i ʻApelila 1939. I ka huli ʻana, ʻo ka speedometer, ka mea i ana i ka wikiwiki a me ka holo ʻana o ka mokulele, ua ʻae nā Bofors e hana i ke ahi pololei.

ʻO ka nele o nā mea hana kūikawā i hoʻemi nui i ka pono o nā pū. ʻO ka pana ʻana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hopu maka, ka mea i hāpai i nā "mea hoʻoholo" i ka anti-aircraft artillery i ka wā maluhia, he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ke kī ʻana i nā pellets duck, ʻaʻole ma kahi mokulele ʻenemi e neʻe nei i ka wikiwiki o 100 m / s ma kahi mamao. a hiki i 4 km - kahi kahua o ka lanakila ʻana o Bofors. ʻAʻole nā ​​pū anti-aircraft hou i loaʻa i kekahi mau lako ana maoli.

E alualu i ka brigade i nā kaua no Warsaw

Ua hoʻouka kaua ʻo Kelemania iā Polani i ka lā 1 o Kepakemapa, 1939, i ke kakahiaka nui i ka hola 4:45 am. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka Luftwaffe ka lele ʻana i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka Wehrmacht a luku i ka mokulele pūʻali koa Polani a me ka lanakila ʻana o ka ea kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i kēia. ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui o ka mokulele i nā lā mua ʻo ia nā mokulele a me nā kahua mokulele.

ʻO ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua i hōʻea i ke keʻena nui o ka pūʻali hoʻomāinoino i ka hola 5 o ke kakahiaka mahalo i kahi hōʻike mai ka mākaʻi mokuʻāina ma Suwałki. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia kahi makaʻala kaua. Ma hope koke iho, hoʻolaha ka lekiō Warsaw i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua. Ua hōʻike ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi pūnaewele i ka hele ʻana o nā mokulele haole e lele ana ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻouna ka mākaʻi mai Mława i nā lono e pili ana i nā mokulele e lele ana i Warsaw. Ua hāʻawi ke alakaʻi i ke kauoha no ka hoʻokuʻu koke ʻana i ʻelua dions. I ke kakahiaka, ma kahi o 00:7, 50 PZL-21s mai III/11 mai 1 PZL-22 a me 11 PZL-3s mai IV/7 Dyon i lele.

Ua lele nā ​​mokulele ʻenemi ma luna o ke kapikala mai ka ʻākau. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe i ko lākou helu ma kahi o 80 Heinkel He 111 a me Dornier Do 17 mau mea hoʻouka kaua a me 20 Messerschmitt Me 110. Ma kahi o Warsaw, Jablona, ​​​​Zegrze a me Radzymin, ma kahi o 8 mau kaua ea i hoʻouka ʻia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 00-2000. m: 3000 i ke kakahiaka, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ʻekolu mau pūʻali koa bomber - 35 He 111 mai II (K) / LG 1 ma ka uhi o 24 Me 110 mai I (Z) / LG 1. ka 7 mau minuke. He nui na kaua ea ma na wahi like ole. Ua hoʻokō ka poʻe i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i kekahi mau pūʻulu i hoʻi mai mai ka hoʻouka ʻana. Ua hōʻike nā pailaka Polani i 25 mau mokulele i hāʻule, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia ko lākou lanakila. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hiki iā lākou ke kikeke a hoʻopau paha i ka He 5 z 6. (K) / LG 111, e pana ana ma Okentse. Ua hana kāna poʻe holo moku i kahi "opu" pilikia kokoke i ke kauhale o Meshki-Kuligi. I ka pae ʻana, ua haki ka mokulele (ʻekolu mau ohua i ola, hoʻokahi ʻeha i make). ʻO kēia ka lanakila mua ma ka pale ʻana i ke kapikala. Ke paio nei na pailaka mai IV/5 Dyon nona ma ke ano he hui. Eia hou, ua pae mai ka lua o ka He 1 mai ka pūʻali hoʻokahi ma kona ʻōpū me kahi ʻenekini paʻa ma kona kahua mokulele ponoʻī ma Pounden. Ma muli o ka pōʻino nui i hoʻopau ʻia mai ka mokuʻāina. Eia hou, he 1s mai 111.(K)/LG 111, ka mea i hoouka ia Skierniewice a me ke alahaka kaaahi kokoke i Piaseczno, ua ku'i me na koa Polani. Ua pōʻino loa kekahi o nā pōkā (code L6 + CP). Ua hāʻule paha ʻo ia i ka Lutanela 1. Witold Lokuchevsky. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi pae ulia pōpilikia ma Shippenbeil me 1% pōʻino a me kahi lālā o ka hui i make i kona mau ʻeha. Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau poho, ʻelua mau pōʻino hou i loaʻa i nā pōʻino liʻiliʻi. Ua hiki i na ohua bomber a me na ukali ke pana aku i ka Lutanela 50. ʻO Stanisław Shmeila o ka 114th EM, ka mea i hāʻule i uka ma kahi kokoke i Wyszków a hāʻule i kāna kaʻa. ʻO ka lua o ka pōʻino, ʻo ia ʻo Lutanela Nui Bolesław Olevinsky o ka 114st EM, nāna i hoʻokuʻu ma kahi kokoke i Zegrze (i pana ʻia e Me 110 o 1. (Z)/LG 1) a me 111th Lieutenant. ʻO Jerzy Palusinski mai ka 11st EM, nona ka PZL-110a i koi ʻia e pae kokoke i ke kauhale o Nadymna. Ua hoʻouka a hōʻino ʻo Palusinski iaʻu 1 Mei ma mua. ʻO Grabmann me I(Z)/LG 25 (ua loaʻa iā XNUMX% ka pōʻino).

ʻOiai ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā Poles i nā hui Kelemania e hana ana i nā pūʻali koa a me nā kī, ua hiki iā lākou ke hele i ke kūlanakauhale me ka pilikia ʻole ma waena o 7:25 a me 10:40. Wahi a nā hōʻike Polani, ua hāʻule nā ​​pōkā ma: Kertselego Square, Grochow, Sadyba Ofitserska (9 bombs), Powazki - sanitary battalion, Golendzinov. Ua pepehi ʻia lākou a ʻeha. Eia kekahi, ua hāʻule nā ​​mokulele Kelemania i nā pōkā 5-6 ma Grodzisk Mazowiecki, a ua hāʻule nā ​​pōpoki 30 ma Blonie. Ua luku ʻia kekahi mau hale.

Ma kahi o ke awakea, ua hopu ʻia kahi mākaʻikaʻi o ʻehā PZL-11 mai 112.EM me kahi mākaʻikaʻi Dornier Do 17P 4.(F)/121 ma luna o Wilanów. Ua kī ʻo Pilot Stefan Oksheja iā ia ma kahi kokoke, aia kahi pahū, a ua make ka poʻe ʻenemi holoʻokoʻa.

I ka ʻauinalā, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hui nui o nā mokulele ma luna o ke kapikala. Ua hoʻouna aku ka poʻe Kelemania i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā kaʻa ʻoi aku ma mua o 230 e hoʻouka i nā pahuhopu koa. Ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia 111Hs a me Ps mai KG 27 a mai II(K)/LG 1 me nā Junkers luʻu ʻo Ju 87Bs mai I/StG 1 i uhi ʻia ma kahi o 30 Messerschmitt Me 109Ds mai I/JG 21 (ʻekolu squadrons) a me Me 110s. ( Z)/LG 1 a me I/ZG 1 (22 Me 110B a me C). He 123 He 111s, he 30 Ju 87 a he 80-90 mau koa ka armada.

Ma muli o ka pōʻino i ke kaua kakahiaka, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia he 30 mau koa Polani i ka lewa, a lele ka mea luku 152 i ke kaua. Ua komo pū kāna 6 PZL-11a a me C i ke kaua. E like me ke kakahiaka, ʻaʻole hiki i nā pailaka Polani ke hoʻōki i ka poʻe Kelemania, nāna i hoʻolei i nā pōkā ma luna o kā lākou mau pahu hopu. He mau hoʻouka kaua ʻana a ua loaʻa i nā poʻe hoʻokele Polani nā pohō nui ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana.

I ka lā mua o ke kaua, ua lele ka poʻe hoʻokele o ka brigade alualu i ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi o 80 mau pūʻulu a loaʻa iā 14 mau lanakila lanakila. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻokō lākou i ka luku ʻana mai ʻehā a ʻehiku mau mokulele ʻenemi a hōʻino hou aku. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā poho nui - ua nalowale lākou he 13 mau koa, a he ʻumi mau mea i poino. Ua make hookahi pailaka, ewalu i eha, hookahi o lakou i make. Eia kekahi, ua nalowale kekahi PZL-11c he 152 mau ʻāpana. EM a me ka lieutenant junior. Ua make ʻo Anatoly Piotrovsky ma kahi kokoke i Khoszczówka. Ma ke ahiahi o ka la 1 o Sepatemaba, he 24 wale no mau koa i makaukau no ke kaua, a i ke ahiahi o kekahi la ae, ua mahuahua ka nui o na koa hoohana i 40; ʻaʻohe hakakā i ka lā a pau. I ka lā mua, ʻaʻohe kūleʻa o nā pū kaua anti-aircraft.

Wahi a ka hōʻuluʻulu hana o ke keʻena palekana o ka High Command o ka Ministry of Military Affairs. Ma ka lā 1 o Kepakemapa, 17:30, hāʻule nā ​​pōkā ma luna o Babice, Wawrzyszew, Sekerki (nā pōkā ahi), Grochow a me Okecie kokoke i ka Warsaw Center, a me ka hale hana hull - hoʻokahi make a he nui nā ʻeha.

Eia naʻe, e like me ka "Information of the Commander of the Air Defense Forces on the Consequences of the German Bombardments on September 1 and 2, 1939" i ka la 3 o Sepatemaba, ekolu manawa i hooukaia ai o Warsaw ma ka la mua o ke kaua: ma ka hora 7:00, 9:20 a me 17:30. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pōpoki pahū kiʻekiʻe (500, 250 a me 50 kg) ma ke kūlanakauhale. Ma kahi o 30% o nā pahū pahū ʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, 5 kg o nā pōkā thermite-incendiary i hāʻule. Ua hoʻouka lākou mai kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 3000 m, me ka haunaele. Ma ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale mai ka ʻaoʻao o Prague, ua puhi ʻia ke alahaka ʻo Kerbedsky. ʻO nā mea koʻikoʻi i pana ʻia ʻekolu manawa - me 500- a me 250-kilogram bombs - PZL Okęcie (1 pepehi ʻia, 5 ʻeha) a me nā wahi e pili ana: Babice, Vavshiszew, Sekerki, Czerniakow a me Grochow - me nā pōkā ahi i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ahi liʻiliʻi. Ma muli o ke kī ʻana, ua nui nā mea waiwai a me nā pohō kanaka: 19 i make, 68 i ʻeha, me 75% o nā makaʻāinana. Eia hou, ua hoouka ia na kulanakauhale malalo nei: Wilanow, Wlochy, Pruszkow, Wulka, Brwinow, Grodzisk-Mazowiecki, Blonie, Jaktorov, Radzymin, Otwock, Rembertov a me na mea e ae.

I nā lā ma hope mai, ua ʻike hou ʻia nā pōkā ʻenemi. He mau hakaka hou. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea hakakā o ka brigade alualu ke hana liʻiliʻi. Ua kau nā poho ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao Polani ua ʻoi aku ka nui a me ke kaumaha. Ma ke kula, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoponopono hou ʻia nā mea hana i hōʻino ʻia, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā mokulele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ulia pōpilikia a hoʻihoʻi i ka lawelawe.

Ma ka la 6 o Sepatemaba, nui na lanakila a me na eo i kakau ia. I ke kakahiaka, ma hope o 5:00, 29 Ju 87 luʻu pōkā mai IV(St)/LG 1, i alakaʻi ʻia e Me 110 mai I/ZG 1, hoʻouka i ka pā kaua ma Warsaw a lele i ke kapikala mai ke komohana. Ma luna o Wlochy (ke kūlanakauhale kokoke i Warsaw), ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau mokulele e nā mea hakakā mai ka brigade alualu. ʻO nā Aviators mai IV / 1 Dyon i hana i ka Me 110. Ua hoʻokō lākou i ka luku ʻana i ka mokulele Maj. ʻO Hammes, ka mea i make, a me kāna pū ʻo Ofw. Ua hopu ʻia ʻo Steffen. Ua lawe ʻia ka mea pana i hōʻeha ʻia i Dion Airport III/1 ma Zaborov. Ua pae ke kaʻa Kelemania ma kona ʻōpū kokoke i ke kauhale o Voytseshyn. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka poʻe nā pohō i ke kaua.

Ma ke awakea, 25 Iu 87s mai IV(St)/LG 1 (kaua kaua 11:40-13:50) a me 20 Ju 87s mai I/StG 1 (kaua kaua 11:45-13:06) i puka mai ma Warsaw. . . . ʻO ka hoʻokumu mua i hoʻouka i ke alahaka ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kapikala, a ʻo ka lua - ke alahaka kaʻaahi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kūlanakauhale (ʻo ia paha ka Srednikovy Bridge (?) Ma kahi o ka PZL-11s a me kekahi mau PZL-7as i alakaʻi ʻia e. Lele aku o Kapena Kowalczyk i ke kaua, aole i loaa i na Poloka hookahi ma ka papa hookahi, ua hoike mai na Geremania mai I/StG 1 i ka ike ana i na koa pakahi, aole nae he kaua.

ʻOiai e lele ana iā IV / 1 Dyon i ke kahua mokulele ma Radzikovo i ka lā 6 o Kepakemapa a i ʻole ke awakea o ia lā, ua loaʻa i ke keʻena nui o ka brigade alualu i nā kauoha e hana i kahi kahili ʻana i ka triangle Kolo-Konin-Lovich. Ua hana kēia ma muli o ka ʻaelike kakahiaka ma waena o ke kauoha a ka Air Force "Poznan" a me ke kauoha mokulele. Ua hoʻouna ʻo Colonel Pavlikovsky i nā koa o ka 18th brigade i kēia wahi (manawa lele 14:30-16:00). ʻO kēia hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i manaʻo ʻia e hāʻawi i ka "hanu" i nā pūʻali koa "Poznan" e hoʻi i Kutno. Ma ka huina, he 11 PZL-1s mai IV / 15 Dyon mai ke kahua mokulele ma Radzikov ma lalo o ke kauoha a Kāpena V. Kovalchik a me 3 PZL-11s mai III / 1 Dyon mai ke kahua mokulele ma Zaborov, aia i kahi mau kilomita mai ʻO Radzikov. ʻO kēia mau pūʻali koa he ʻelua papa e lele kokoke ana kekahi i kekahi (12 a me ʻeono PZL-11). Mahalo i kēia, ua hiki ke kāhea i nā hoahana no ke kōkua ma ka lekiō. Ma kahi o 200 km ka mamao o ko lākou lele ʻana ma ke ala hoʻokahi. Aia nā pūʻali koa Kelemania i ka ʻāpana hoʻomaʻemaʻe. I ka pae ʻana, hiki ke hopu ʻia ka mea hoʻokele. Inā ʻaʻohe wahie a pōʻino paha, hiki i nā pailaka ke hoʻokuʻu i ka ulia pōpilikia ma ke kahua mokulele ma Osek Maly (8 km ʻākau o Kolo), kahi e kali ai ke keʻena nui o Poznan III / 15 Dön Myslivsky me ke kōkua iā lākou. a hiki i ka hola 00:3. Ua hoʻokō nā mea hoʻokele i kahi kahili ma kahi o Kutno-Kolo-Konin. Ua lele 160-170 km, ma kahi o 15:10 i ke komohana hema. mai Kolo mai, ua hiki ia lakou ke ike i na mea hoopahu enemi. Ua hele aku na pailaka ma kahi kokoke i ke poo. Ua haohao ia lakou e 9 He 111Hs mai 4./KG 26 e hana ana ma ka huinakolu Lenchica-Lovich-Zelko (ka hoouka kaua 13:58-16:28). ʻO ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā mea hoʻokele i kālele i ke kī hope loa. Mai ka hola 15:10 a hiki i ka hola 15:30 he kaua ea. Ua hoʻouka ka poʻe Poles i nā Kelemania me ko lākou hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻouka i ka hui holoʻokoʻa ma kahi kokoke. ʻO ke ahi pale a nā Kelemania i hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi loa. ʻO Deck Gunners 4. Ua hōʻike ʻo Staffel i ʻehā mau pepehi kanaka, a hoʻokahi wale nō i hōʻoia ʻia ma hope.

Wahi a ka hoike a Kowalczyk, ua hōʻike kāna mau pailaka i ka hāʻule ʻana o nā mokulele 6 i loko o 7-10 mau minuke, ua pōʻino ʻo 4. ʻEkolu o kā lākou mau pana i pae i ke kahua kaua o Kolo Uniejów, a ʻehā ʻē aʻe i pae ma ka lele hoʻi ma waena o Lenchica a me Blonie ma muli o ka nele o ka wahie. A laila hoʻi kekahi o lākou i ka hui. ʻO ka nui, 4 PZL-6s a me ʻelua mau pailaka make i nalowale i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe: 11th Lieutenant V. Roman Stog - hāʻule (hāʻule i ka lepo kokoke i ke kauhale o Strashkow) a me kahi platoon. ʻO Mieczysław Kazimierczak (pepehi ʻia ma hope o ka lele ʻana o ka parachute mai ke ahi mai ka honua; ʻo kāna ahi ponoʻī paha).

Ua hoʻokō maoli ka poʻe i ke kī ʻana i lalo a luku aku i ʻekolu mau pōkā. Ua pae kekahi ma kona ʻōpū kokoke i ke kauhale o Rushkow. Aia kekahi ma ke kula o ke kauhale o Labendy, a ua pahū ke kolu i ka lewa a hāʻule ma kahi kokoke i Unieyuv. Ua hōʻino ʻia ka hā, akā ua hoʻokō ʻo ia e haʻalele i kāna poʻe hahai a koi ʻia e pae ma kona ʻōpū ma ke kahua mokulele ʻo Breslau (ʻo Wroclaw i kēia manawa). Ma ke ala e hoʻi ai, ua hoʻouka ka poʻe hoʻokele i kahi hoʻokumu maʻamau o ʻekolu He 111Hs mai Stab/KG 1 kokoke i Łowicz - ʻaʻole i loaʻa. ʻAʻole lawa ka wahie a me nā mea kaua. Pono kekahi pailaka e pae koke ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana ma muli o ka nele o ka wahie, a ua helu ʻia ʻo ia e ka poʻe Kelemania he "pana i lalo".

Ma ka ʻauinalā o ka lā 6 o Kepakemapa, ua loaʻa i ka Pursuit Brigade kahi kauoha e lele i ka Dion i nā kahua mokulele ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lublin. Ua kaumaha loa ka detachment i nā lā ʻeono, pono e hoʻohui ʻia a hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia. I kekahi lā aʻe, ua lele nā ​​mokulele mokulele i nā mokulele i uka. Ke neʻe nei nā luna o ka ʻāpana Panzer 4 i Warsaw. Ma ka lā 8-9 o Kepakemapa, ua hoʻouka ʻia nā kaua ikaika me ia ma nā pā improvised o Okhota a me Volya. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka poʻe Kelemania ka manawa e neʻe ai i ke kūlanakauhale a ua koi ʻia lākou e hoʻi i mua. Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻopuni.

Palekana Lewa o Warsaw

Ua komo nā pūʻali koa pale lewa mai Warsaw Center i nā kaua me ka Luftwaffe ma luna o Warsaw a hiki i ka lā 6 o Kepakemapa. I nā lā mua, ua wehe pinepine ʻia ka pā. ʻAʻole pono kā lākou hana. ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe pū ke luku i hoʻokahi mokulele, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau pepehi kanaka, no ka laʻana ma Okentse i ka lā 3 Kepakemapa. Ua koho ʻia ʻo Brigadier General M. Troyanovsky, Luna Nui o ka Apana o Corps I, i Generala no Brig. Valerian Plague, Sepatemaba 4th. Ua kauoha ʻia ʻo ia e pale i ke kapikala mai ke komohana a hoʻonohonoho i ka pale kokoke i nā alahaka ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka Vistula ma Warsaw.

ʻO ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ka poʻe Kelemania i Warsaw ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka nui a me ka weliweli o ke keʻena nui o ka Mana Kiʻekiʻe Kiʻekiʻe a me nā kino kiʻekiʻe o ka mokuʻāina (September 6-8), incl. Mokuʻāina Commissariat o ke Kapena ʻo Warsaw. Ua haʻalele ka Luna Nui iā Warsaw i ka lā 7 o Kepakemapa no Brest-on-Bug. Ma ia la hookahi, ua lele aku ka Peresidena o ka Repubalika o Polani a me ke aupuni i Lutsk. ʻO kēia lele wikiwiki o ke alakaʻi o ka ʻāina i hoʻopilikia nui i ka ʻuhane o nā mea pale a me nā kamaʻāina o Warsaw. Ua hāʻule ka honua ma ke poʻo o nā mea he nui. Ua lawe ka mana kiʻekiʻe i "nā mea āpau" me ia, incl. he nui o na oihana makai a me na puali kinai ahi no ko lakou malu iho. ʻO kekahi poʻe i kamaʻilio e pili ana i kā lākou "hoʻokuʻu ʻana", me ka "lawe i kā lākou mau wahine a me nā ukana me lākou i loko o nā kaʻa a haʻalele."

Ma hope o ka mahuka ʻana mai ke kapikala o nā luna aupuni, ua lawe ʻo Stefan Starzynski, ke kōmike o ke kūlanakauhale, i ke kūlana o ke komisina kīwila ma ka Warsaw Defense Command ma 8 Kepakemapa. Ua hōʻole ke aupuni kūloko kūloko, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka pelekikena, e "hoʻokuʻu" i ke aupuni ma ka hikina a lilo i poʻo o ka mana kīwila no ka pale ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale. Ma Sepatemaba 8-16, ma ke kauoha a ka Luna Nui ma Warsaw, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Pūʻali Koa Warsaw, a laila ka pūʻali koa Warsaw. ʻO kona alakaʻi ʻo Major General V. Julius Rommel. Ma ka lā 20 o Kepakemapa, ua hoʻokumu ka luna koa i kahi hui aʻoaʻo - ke Kōmike Kivila - e pani i nā pono politika, pilikanaka a me ka waiwai. Ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻelele o nā hui politika a me nā hui kaiaulu o ke kūlanakauhale. E alakai pono ia lakou e Generala J. Rommel a i ole ia e kekahi komisina kivila malalo o ka luna koa.

ʻO kekahi o nā hopena o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke Keʻena Nui o ke Kauoha Kiʻekiʻe Kiʻekiʻe mai ke kapikala ʻo ia ka hoʻonāwaliwali koʻikoʻi o ka Warsaw Air Defense Forces a hiki i ka lā 6 o Kepakemapa. Ma ka lā 4 o Kepakemapa, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻelua platun (4 40-mm pū) i Skierniewice. Ma ka lā 5 o Kepakemapa, ua hoʻoili ʻia ʻelua papa (4 40-mm pū), ka daplot 101 a me hoʻokahi pākahi 75-mm hou i Lukow. Ua hoʻouna ʻia kekahi platoon (2 40 mm pū) iā Chełm, a ʻo kekahi (2 40 mm pū) i Krasnystaw. Ua lawe ʻia aku hoʻokahi pākahiko hou o 75 mm caliber a me hoʻokahi pākahi alahele o 75 mm caliber i Lvov. Ua hoʻouna ʻia ka daplot 11 i Lublin, a ua hoʻouna ʻia ka daplot 102 a me kahi pākahi 75-mm hou i Bzhest. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kapikala ʻo 75-mm nā pā kaua anti-aircraft i pale i ka ʻaoʻao hema hema o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua wehewehe ke kauoha i kēia mau hoʻololi ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o nā pūʻali kaʻaahi ʻekolu mai ke komohana mai i ke kapikala a hoʻopiha i nā hakahaka. ʻO ka mea i ʻike ʻia, he moeʻuhane wale nō ia na ke Kauoha Kiʻekiʻe.

Ma ka lā 16 o Kepakemapa, ʻo ka 10th a me ka 19 wale nō ka 40-mm type A mau ʻōhua pū, a me ka 81st a me ka 89th specific 40-mm type B ʻano B i loaʻa iā 10 Bofors wz. 36 kaliber 40 mm. Ma muli o nā kaua a me nā haʻalele ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia kekahi hapa o nā pā. Ma ka 10 a me 19 he ʻehā a ʻekolu pū (maʻamau: 4 pū), a ma ka 81 a me 89 - hoʻokahi a me ʻelua mau pū (maʻamau: 2 pū). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻi mai kahi ʻāpana o 19 km a me nā platoons mai Lovich a me Rembertov (4 Bofors pū) i ke kapikala. No nā keiki home ʻole e hōʻea mai ana mai ke alo mai, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi wahi hōʻiliʻili ma ka pā hale o ka 1 PAP Lot ma Mokotov ma ke alanui. Rakovetskaya 2b.

Ma ka lā 5 o Kepakemapa, ua lilo ka pūʻulu o nā hana pale ea o ka Warsaw Center i ʻāpana o ka hui o ka luna o ka pale kaua o Warsaw, ʻo General V. Chuma. Ma ka pili ana i ka emi nui o na lako hana, ua hoolauna aku o Konela Baran, i ke ahiahi o ka la 6 o Sepatemaba, i hui hou o na hui o ke kikowaena, a ua hoonoho i na hana hou.

Ma ke kakahiaka o Sepatemaba 6, ka Warsaw Air Defence Forces i komo: 5 anti-aircraft 75-mm batteries (20 75-mm pū), 12 40-mm anti-aircraft platoons (24 40-mm pū), 1 hui o 150 -cm nā kukui ʻimi anti-aircraft, 5 hui o nā pū anti-aircraft (me 2 B me ka ʻole o nā lio) a me 3 hui o nā baluna barrage. Huina: 76 mau luna, 396 mau luna hana ole a me 2112 mau kanaka. Ma ka la 6 o Sepatemaba, ua loaa ia Konela Baran he 44 mau pu kuikui (20 75 mm caliber, me eha wale no wz. 37St a me 24 wz. 38 Bofors 40 mm caliber) a me elima hui o na pu ku e i ka mokulele. He 75½ ahi ka awelika o na wati 3 mm, 40 mm o na papa kaua koa 4½ ahi, 1½ ahi i loko o na platun "factory", a he 4 ahi na hui pu mikini ku e i ka mokulele.

I ke ahiahi o ia lā hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Colonel Baran i kahi mahele hou o nā hui a me nā hana no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāpana Warsaw, a me nā pilina pili:

1. Pūʻulu "Vostok" - ka luna o Major Mechislav Zilber, ka luna o ka daplot 103rd (75-mm semi-permanent batteries wz. 97 a me wz. 97/25; batteries: 110, 115, 116 a me 117 a me 103. Anti-aircraft pākahiko 75-mm sh. 37 St.). ʻO ka hana: ke ao kiʻekiʻe a me ka pō pale i ka pā Warsaw.

2. Pūʻulu "Bridges" - kāpena kāpena. Zygmunt Jezersky; haku mele: nā papa o ka 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 a me kahi platoon o ka mea kanu Borisev. ʻO ka hana: pale i ka pā alahaka a me ke kikowaena ma waena a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka pale o nā alahaka ma luna o ka Vistula. ʻO ka platoon 104 (luna ahi, cadet reserve Zdzisław Simonowicz), nā kūlana ma ke alahaka kaʻaahi ma Prague. Ua luku ʻia ka platoon e ka mea hoʻomake. 105th platoon (ka luna ahi / junior lieutenant / Stanislav Dmukhovsky), nā kūlana ma waena o ke alahaka Poniatowski a me ke alahaka. ʻO ka platoon 106 (ka luna hoʻomalu o ka noho aliʻi ʻo Witold Piasecki), ke kūlana kiʻi ma Lazienki. Platun 107 (kapena kapena Zygmunt Jezersky). 108 platoon (cadet commander / junior lieutenant / Nikolai Dunin-Martsinkevich), kūlana kiʻi ma kahi kokoke i ka ZOO; i luku ʻia e ka Luftwaffe. ʻO ka platoon 109 (ka luna hoʻomalu o ka reserve Viktor Pyasetsky), nā kūlana kiʻi ma Fort Traugutt.

3. Pūʻulu "Svidry" - kāpena kāpena. ʻO Yakub Hrubi; Hui: 40-mm PZL platoon mea kanu a me 110th 40-mm anti-aircraft platoon. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia nā platun ʻelua e pale i ke keʻa ʻana ma kahi o Svider Male.

4. Hui "Powązki" - 5th hui AA km Hana: e uhi i kahi o ke kahua kaʻaahi Gdańsk a me ka Citadel.

5. Hui "Dvorzhets" - hui 4 pauku km. Pahuhopu: e uhi i nā kānana a me ke kahua kahua nui.

6. Hui "Prague" - hui 19 km pauku. Pahuhopu: e pale i ke alahaka ʻo Kerbed, ke kahua kaʻaahi Vilnius a me ke kahua kaʻaahi Hikina.

7. Hui "Lazenki" - māhele 18 km. Ka hana: ka pale ʻana i ka wahi o ke alahaka ʻo Srednikovy a me Poniatovsky, ka mea kanu kinoea a me ka hale hoʻoheheʻe.

8. Pūʻulu "Medium" - 3rd hui AA km. Hana: uhi i ke kikowaena o ka mea (2 platoons), uhi i ka lekiō Warsaw 2.

Ua hoʻoili ʻia ma ka lā 6 o Kepakemapa ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o Konela V. Baran, ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i ka platoon 103rd 40-mm i Chersk e pale i ke ala. Ma ka la 9 o Sepatemaba, he elua mau hihia o ka haalele pono ole ia mai ke kahua kaua me ke kumu kupono ole, oia hoi. haʻalele. ʻO iaʻano hihia i hanaʻia ma ka 117th battery, i haʻalele i nā keʻena ahi ma kahi o Gotslav, e luku ana i nā pū a waiho i nā mea ana. ʻO ka lua ma kahi o Svidera Male, kahi i haʻalele ai ka platoon "Lovich" i ke kūlana kiʻi a neʻe aku i Otwock me ka ʻole o ka ʻae ʻia, e waiho ana i kahi hapa o nā mea hana. Ua kū mai ka luna o ka papa 110 i mua o ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo koa. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kekahi hihia like ma ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo kūʻē iā Capt. ʻO ke ahi i hiki ʻole ke loaʻa. ʻO kahi kūlana like i loaʻa i ka hui 18 o ka pūʻali koa pale lewa, i ka wā i haʻalele ai kona luna koa, ʻo Lieutenant Cheslav Novakovsky, no Otwock (Sepatemaba 15 ma 7 am) no kona ʻohana a ʻaʻole i hoʻi mai. Ua waiho pū ʻo Konela Baran i ka hihia i ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo. I ka pau ana o na la mua he umi o Sepatemaba, ua pau na barela kaawale o ka Bofors no ka lakou mau pu, no laila, ua hiki ole ia lakou ke ki pu me ka maikai. Ua hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa i ʻelua haneli mau pahu i hūnā ʻia i loko o nā hale kūʻai a puʻunaue ʻia i waena o nā platoons.

I ka wā o ka hoʻopuni ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale, ua hōʻike nā pūʻali kipi i nā lanakila he nui. No ka laʻana, i ka lā 9 o Kepakemapa, Konela. ʻO Baran e pili ana i ka pana ʻana i nā mokulele 5, a ma ka lā 10 o Kepakemapa - he 15 mokulele wale nō, ʻo ia ka 5 i loko o ke kūlanakauhale.

Ma ka lā 12 o Kepakemapa, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia nā kūlana kiʻi a me ke ʻano o ke kamaʻilio ʻana o nā pūʻali koa anti-aircraft o ke kikowaena Warsaw. ʻOiai, ua hōʻike ʻo Colonel Baran i ka pono e hoʻoikaika i ka pale o ka palena ʻo Warsaw me 75-mm wz. ʻO ka moku 37 ma muli o ka nele o nā lako kiʻekiʻe a me ke koho ʻana i kahi dion hahai holoholona e uhi i ke kūlanakauhale. ʻAʻole lanakila. Ma ia lā, ma ka hōʻike kūlana Helu 3, ua kākau ʻo Konela Baran: ʻO kahi hoʻouka kaua i hana ʻia e kahi kī mai 3 Heinkel-111F mokulele ma 13.50 i hakakā ʻia e nā platoons 40-mm a me nā pū mīkini kaumaha. Ua pana ʻia nā mokulele 2 i ka wā e luʻu ana ma nā alahaka. Ua hāʻule lākou ma kahi o St. ʻO Tamka a me st. ʻO Medov.

Ma ka la 13 o Sepatemaba, ma ka hora 16:30, ua loaa mai ka lono no ka haule ana o 3 mokulele. Ua hoouka aku na Kelemania i ke kahua kaaahi Gdansk, ka Citadel a me na wahi e puni ana me 50 mau mokulele. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā kūlana o kahi pākahi 103rd anti-aircraft wz. 37 St. Lutanela Kendzersky. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia he 50 lua poma ma kahi kokoke. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā Kelemania ka manawa e luku ai i hoʻokahi pū. ʻOiai i ka wā o ka haʻalele ʻana mai ke kūlanakauhale, ua loaʻa i kona luna hoʻokele ʻo Kāpena V. He pūʻulu o nā kaʻa moana. A laila haehae ʻo ia i kahi pū 40-mm i waiho ʻia ma ke alanui kokoke i Bielany a hoʻopili ʻia i kāna pākaukau. ʻO ka lua o ka pū 40-mm i loaʻa mai e ka pila ma ke kahua ʻo Mokotovsky mai ka 10th 40-mm anti-aircraft pākahiko i hoʻonoho ʻia ma laila. Ma ke kauoha a Lutanela Kendziersky, ua hoʻokauwā ʻia kekahi platoon hale hana mai Boryshevo me Bofors (ka luna hoʻomalu ʻo Erwin Labus) a ua lawe i nā kūlana kiʻi ma Papu Traugut. A laila ka 109th 40-mm anti-aircraft platoon, 103rd lieutenant. ʻO Victor Pyasetsky. Ua hoʻonoho kēia luna koa i kāna mau pū ma ka pali o Papu Traugutt, kahi i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ai ʻo ia a hana pū me ka pākaukau 75th. Na nā pū 40mm i huki i ka mokulele Kelemania i lalo mai ke kaupaku kiʻekiʻe a laila wehe i ke ahi iā lākou me nā pū 103mm. Ma muli o kēia hoʻopili ʻana, ua hōʻike ka pākaukau 9 i 1 kikeke pololei a me kekahi mau mea like paha mai Kepakemapa 27 a 109, a ua loaʻa i ka platun 11 he 9 kikeke pololei i kāna hōʻaiʻē. Mahalo i ka ʻike mua a Lieutenant Kendziersky, ma hope o Sepatemaba 75, ua lawe ʻia kāna pākaukau i nā pu kaua 36-mm āpau no ka wz. ʻO XNUMXSt a hiki i ka hopena o ka hoʻopuni ʻana ʻaʻole i manaʻo i kona mau hemahema.

Ma ka la 14 o Sepatemaba, ma ka hora 15:55, ua hoouka aku na mokulele ia Zoliborz, Wola a me kekahi hapa o ke kikowaena o ke kulanakauhale. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui nā laina pale ma ka māhele Zoliborz. ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻouka kaua, 15 mau ahi i puka mai ma kahi o nā pūʻali koa a me nā keʻena aupuni, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke kahua kaʻaahi Gdansk, a ma ka ʻāpana ʻākau holoʻokoʻa o ke kūlanakauhale (11 mau hale i wāwahi ʻia); nā kānana i pōʻino hapa a me kahi pūnaewele o nā ala tram. Ma muli o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ua make he 17 mau koa a he 23 i ʻeha.

Ma ka la 15 o Sepatemaba ua hoikeia mai ua pa ia e kekahi mokulele a ua manaoia e pae ma ka aina o Marek. Ma kahi o 10:30 am, ua kī ʻia kā lākou PZL-11 ponoʻī e nā pū mīkini kaumaha a me nā pūʻali koa hele wāwae. I kēlā manawa, pāpā ʻia nā koa e wehe i ke ahi a ʻike pono ka luna i ka mokulele. I kēia lā, ua hoʻopuni ka poʻe Kelemania i ke kūlanakauhale, e ʻoki ana i ke apo hoʻopuni mai ka hikina. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka lewa, ua hoʻohana ka poʻe Kelemania ma kahi o 1000 mau pū koʻikoʻi e kī nui ana. Ua lilo ia i mea paʻakikī loa no ka poʻe kipi mokulele. Ua pahū nā pū kī pū ma ko lākou mau wahi kiʻi ʻana, a ua loaʻa i ka poʻe pōʻino a me nā pōʻino. No ka laʻana, i ka lā 17 o Kepakemapa, ma muli o ke kī ʻana i nā pū, ma ka hola 17:00, ua hōʻike ʻia he 5 mau kānaka i hōʻeha ʻia, 1 pū 40-mm pōʻino, 3 mau kaʻa, 1 pū mīkini kaumaha a me 11 mau lio make. Ma ia lā hoʻokahi, ua hōʻea ka hui pū ʻana o nā pū mīkini 115 (ʻelua papa o 4 mau pū mīkini koʻikoʻi i kēlā me kēia) a me ka hui baluna 5, he ʻāpana o ka pūʻulu pale lewa, i Warsaw mai Svider Maly. I ka lā, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ka lewa (8 raids) ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole, ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e ka poʻe pōkā, nā mokulele reconnaissance a me nā mea kaua Messerschmitt (hoʻokahi mokulele a me nā kī, 2-3 mau kaʻa i kēlā me kēia) mai 2000 m no nā mokulele maʻamau a me nā loli pinepine. nā palena lele; ʻaʻohe hopena.

Ma ka lā 18 o Kepakemapa, ua hoʻokau hou ʻia nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana e nā mokulele hoʻokahi (ua helu ʻia lākou he 8), ua hāʻule pū ʻia nā lau. ʻO kekahi o nā mea mua ("Dornier-17") i kī ʻia i ka hola 7:45 i ke kakahiaka. Pono kāna mau ʻauwaʻa e pae ulia pōpilikia ma kahi o Babice. E pili ana i ka hoouka ana e hopu i ka Pruszkow wahi, Colonel. dipl. ʻO Mariana Porwit, ʻekolu platoons o ʻelua mau pū 40-mm. I ka wanaʻao, ua lawe ka pākaukau i nā kūlana kī ma ka ʻāpana Kolo-Volya-Chiste.

Aia nō ke kūlanakauhale ma lalo o nā pū pū. Ma ka la 18 o Sepatemaba, ua hooili oia i keia mau poho ma na hui AA: 10 i eha, 14 mau lio i make, 2 pahu o 40-mm poka i lukuia, 1 kalaka i poino a me na mea liilii e ae.

Ma ka lā 20 o Kepakemapa, ma kahi o 14:00, ma kahi o ka Central Institute of Physical Education a me ka Belyansky Forest, he Henschel-123 a me Junkers-87 i hoʻouka ʻia e nā mea hoʻoheheʻe luʻu. ʻO kekahi hoʻouka kaua ikaika ma 16:15 i hana ʻia e nā mokulele 30-40 o nā ʻano like ʻole: Junkers-86, Junkers-87, Dornier-17, Heinkel-111, Messerschmitt-109 a me Henschel-123. I ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ke ao, ua wela ka elevator i ke ahi. Ua hōʻike nā ʻāpana i ka hāʻule ʻana o 7 mau mokulele ʻenemi.

Ma ka lā 21 o Kepakemapa, ua hōʻike ʻia he 2 mau mokulele i pana ʻia ma muli o ke ahi kūʻē i ka mokulele. ʻAneʻane pau nā kūlana puʻupuʻu anti-aircraft i lalo o ke ahi mai nā pū kī ʻāina. He mau ʻeha hou

a me na poho waiwai. Ma ka la 22 o Sepatemaba, ua ikeia na lele lele ana o na poka pahu hookahi no ka nana ana i ke kakahiaka; ua hoʻopuehu hou ʻia nā lau a puni ke kūlanakauhale. Ma waena o ka hola 14:00 a me 15:00 ua hoʻouka ʻia kahi ʻenemi ma Prague, ma kahi o 20 mau mokulele, ua kī ʻia kekahi mokulele. Ma waena o ka hola 16:00 a me 17:00, ua hoʻouka ʻia kahi hoʻouka kaua ʻelua ma mua o 20 mau mokulele. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua nui ma ke alahaka ʻo Poniatowski. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka lua o ka mokulele i pana ʻia. ʻElua mau mokulele i pana ʻia i ka lā.

Ma ka lā 23 o Kepakemapa, ua hoʻopaʻa hou ʻia nā huakaʻi pahū hoʻokahi a me ka ʻike. Iloko o ka la, aole i loaa mai ka lono no ka hoouka kaua ana o ke kulanakauhale a me na wahi e puni ana. Ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻelua Dornier 2 i pana ʻia. ʻO nā ʻāpana āpau i loaʻa i ke ahi koʻikoʻi, kahi i lilo ai i nā pū. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lio make a ʻeha, make a ʻeha nā lio, ʻelua mau pū 17-mm i pōʻino loa. Ua ʻeha nui kekahi o nā luna pākahi.

Sepatemaba 24 i ke kakahiaka, mai ka hola 6:00 a i ka hola 9:00, ua ʻike ʻia nā lele ʻana o nā mokulele hoʻokahi a me nā mokulele hoʻokele. Ma waena o ka hola 9:00 a me ka hola 11:00 ua hoʻouka ʻia me nā nalu mai nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau mokulele o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka lewa. ʻO ka hoʻouka ʻana i ke kakahiaka i hoʻoili i nā pohō nui i ka Royal Castle. Ua pale pono nā ʻelele mokulele i ke ahi anti-aircraft, hoʻololi pinepine i nā kūlana lele. Ma kahi o ka hola 15:00 ka hoʻouka kaua hou ʻana. I ka hoouka ana i ke kakahiaka, ua pana ia he 3 mokulele, i ke ao - 1 i pana ilalo a 1 i poino. Ua ālai ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻana e ke ʻano o ke aniau - ua pōʻeleʻele. I ka hui pū ʻana o nā pūʻali pū, ua kauoha ʻo Konela Baran i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana, e hoʻoikaika i ka uhi o nā kānana a me nā Pumping Stations. Ua hoʻomau mau ʻia nā pūʻali koa i ke ahi mai nā pū ʻana o ka honua, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ikaika i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka ea. Ua pepehi ʻia ʻelua mau mākaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 2 ka pūʻali koa pākahi a me 1 ka luna o ka platun pū mīkini. Eia kekahi, ua pepehi ʻia lākou a ʻeha i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o nā pū a me nā pū mīkini. Ma muli o ke kī pū ʻana, ua luku loa ʻia kahi pū semi-solid 1-mm, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi mau poho koʻikoʻi o nā lako kaua.

"Wet Monday" - 25 Kepakemapa.

Ua hoʻoholo ke kauoha Kelemania e hoʻouka i kahi hoʻouka kaua nui a me nā pū kī nui ma luna o ke kūlanakauhale i hoʻopilikia ʻia i mea e haki ai i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka poʻe pale a koi iā lākou e hāʻawi pio. Ua hoʻomau ʻia nā hoʻouka kaua mai ka hola 8:00 a 18:00. I kēia manawa, ua hana nā pūʻali Luftwaffe mai Fl.Fhr.zbV me ka huina o 430 Ju 87, Hs 123, Do 17 a me Ju 52 mau mea hoʻopahū i ʻehiku hoʻouka kaua - 1176 sorties me nā ʻāpana hou. Ua hāʻule nā ​​helu Kelemania i 558 tons o nā pōkā, me 486 tons o nā mea pahū kiʻekiʻe a me 72 tons o nā mea puhi ahi. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana he 47 Junkers Ju 52 lawe ʻia mai IV/KG.zbV2, kahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai he 102 mau pōkā liʻiliʻi. Ua uhi ʻia e nā poʻe pōā me nā Messerschmitts o I/JG 510 a me I/ZG 76. Ua hui pū ʻia nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana me ke kākoʻo puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi.

Ua puhi ke kūlanakauhale ma nā wahi he haneli. Ma muli o ka nui o ka uahi, ka mea i pale aku i ka hakakā ʻana i nā hoʻouka kaua kūʻē i ka mokulele, ʻo ka luna o ka pūʻali "West" ʻo Konela Dipl. Ua kauoha ʻo M. Porvit e kaua aku i nā mokulele ʻenemi me nā pū mīkini ma nā kiola a pau, koe naʻe nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe. I ka hihia o nā hoʻouka kaua haʻahaʻa, e alakaʻi ʻia nā pūʻali koa liʻiliʻi e nā pūʻulu i koho ʻia o nā pūʻali koa ma lalo o ke kauoha a nā luna.

ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka lewa ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hana, me ka hale hana mana o ke kūlanakauhale ma Powisla; ʻaʻohe uila ma ke kūlanakauhale mai ka hola 15:00. Ma mua iki iho, ma ka la 16 o Sepatemaba, ua nui ke ahi ma ka lumi enekini o ka hale hana wela, a ua pio me ke kokua ana o ka oihana kinai ahi. I kēlā manawa, ma kahi o 2000 ka poʻe e peʻe ana i loko o kona mau hale, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā poʻe noho o nā hale kokoke. ʻO ka pahuhopu ʻelua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka mea hoʻohana hoʻolālā, ʻo ia ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā mea kanu ʻōpala. Ma muli o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka uila mai ka mana mana, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā hale hydraulic. I ka wā o ka hoʻopuni ʻana, ua hāʻule ma kahi o 600 mau pū kī, 60 mau pōkā lewa a me XNUMX mau pōkā ahi ma luna o nā keʻena kikowaena a pau o nā lako wai o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā hale hoʻoheheʻe.

Ua hoʻopau nā pūʻali koa Kelemania i ke kūlanakauhale me ke ahi pahū kiʻekiʻe a me nā shrapnel. Aneane ua ki ia na wahi kauoha a pau; ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kūlana i mua. He paʻakikī ka hakakā ʻana me nā mokulele ʻenemi ma muli o ka uahi e uhi ana i ke kūlanakauhale, e ʻā ana ma nā wahi he nui. Ma kahi o 10 am Warsaw ua puhi ʻia ma mua o 300 mau wahi. I kēlā lā pōʻino, ma waena o 5 a me 10 mau kānaka i make. Warsaw, a he mau tausani hou aku i eha.

Ua hōʻike ʻia he 13 mau mokulele i pana ʻia i ka lā hoʻokahi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli, ua nalowale nā ​​Kelemania i hoʻokahi Ju 87 a me ʻelua mau Ju 52 i ke ahi pū ʻana o Polani (mai kahi i hoʻolei ʻia ai nā pōkā liʻiliʻi).

Ma muli o ka pōʻino, ua pōʻino loa nā keʻena kūlanakauhale nui - ka Power Plant, Filters, a me ka Pumping Station. Ua hoʻopilikia kēia i ka lako uila a me ka wai. Ua wela ke kūlanakauhale, ʻaʻohe mea e kinai i ke ahi. ʻO ka puʻupuʻu nui a me ka pōʻino i ka lā 25 Sepatemaba i wikiwiki i ka hoʻoholo e hāʻawi iā Warsaw. I ka lā aʻe, ua hoʻouka ka poʻe Kelemania i kahi hoʻouka kaua, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Eia naʻe, ma ia lā hoʻokahi, ua noi nā lālā o ke Kōmike Civic iā General Rommel e hāʻawi i ke kūlanakauhale.

Ma muli o nā poho nui i loaʻa i ke kūlanakauhale, ua kauoha ke alakaʻi o ka pūʻali koa "Warsaw", ʻo Major General S.J. Rommel, e hoʻopau i ke ahi no 24 mau hola mai ka hola 12:00 o Kepakemapa 27. ʻO kāna pahuhopu ka ʻae ʻana me ka luna o ka pūʻali koa Kelemania 8 ma nā kūlana no ka hoʻi ʻana mai o Warsaw. E hoʻopau ʻia nā kūkākūkā ma ka lā 29 Kepakemapa. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻaelike hoʻokuʻu i ka lā 28 Kepakemapa. E like me kona mau olelo, e malamaia ana ka huakai o ka puali koa Polani ma ka la 29 o Sepatemaba mai ka hora 20 pm. Mekia General von Cohenhausen. A hiki i ka wā i pio ai ke kūlanakauhale e ka poʻe Kelemania, e hoʻomalu ʻia ke kūlanakauhale e Pelekikena Starzhinsky me ka ʻaha kūkā o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻoihana ma lalo o lākou.

Hōʻuluʻulu

Ua pale ʻo Warsaw mai 1 a 27 Kepakemapa. Ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ke kūlanakauhale a me kona poʻe kamaʻāina e kekahi ʻano o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka lewa a me nā pū kī, ʻo ka mea pōʻino loa ma ka lā 25 Kepakemapa. ʻO nā mea pale o ke kapikala, e noi ana i kā lākou lawelawe i ka nui o ka ikaika a me ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka wiwo ʻole, i kūpono i ka mahalo kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻopilikia maoli i nā mokulele ʻenemi i ka wā o ka pōʻino o ke kūlanakauhale.

I loko o nā makahiki o ka pale ʻana, he 1,2-1,25 miliona kānaka ke kapikala a lilo i wahi puʻuhonua no kahi 110 tausani mau kānaka. koa. ʻO 5031 97 mau luna, 425 15 mau luna ʻole a me nā mea pilikino i hāʻule i loko o ka pio Kelemania. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma waena o 20 a me 4 mau kānaka i make i nā kaua no ke kūlanakauhale. pepehi kanaka kīwila a ma kahi o 5-287 tausani koa hāʻule - incl. Ua kanu ʻia he 3672 mau luna a me 20 mau luna ʻole a me nā mea pilikino ma ka ilina o ke kūlanakauhale. Eia hou, uaʻeha nāʻumi tausani o ka poʻe noho (ma kahi o 16 XNUMX) a me nā pūʻali koa (e pili ana i XNUMX XNUMX).

Wahi a ka hōʻike o kekahi o ka poʻe hana ma lalo o ka honua i hana ma ke keʻena poʻo o ka mākaʻi ma 1942, ma mua o Kepakemapa 1, aia he 18 mau hale ma Warsaw, nona wale nō 495 2645 (14,3%), nā hale me ka pōʻino (mai ka mālamalama a hiki i ke koʻikoʻi. ) ʻaʻole i pōʻino i ko lākou manawa pale ʻo 13 847 (74,86%) a me 2007 mau hale (10,85%) i luku loa ʻia.

Ua pōʻino loa ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua pōʻino ka hale mana ma Powisla e ka huina o 16%. ʻAneʻane pau nā hale a me nā hale o ka hale mana i hoʻopōʻino ʻia i kekahi degere a i ʻole. ʻO ka nui o nā poho ma PLN 19,5 miliona. ʻO nā poho like i loaʻa i ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai. He 586 mau poino ma ka oihana wai, a he 270 ma ka uwea wai, a he 247 paipu wai inu a me ka nui o na wai hookahe hale i poino ma ka lōʻihi o 624 m. a he 20 i eha mama i ke kaua ana.

Ma waho aʻe o nā poho waiwai, ua loaʻa i ka moʻomeheu lāhui nā poho nui, me ka. Ma ka lā 17 o Kepakemapa, ua puhi ʻia ka Royal Castle a me kāna mau hōʻiliʻili, a puhi ʻia i ke ahi e nā pū. Ua helu ʻia nā poho waiwai o ke kūlanakauhale ma hope o ke kaua e like me ka helu ʻana a prof. ʻO Marina Lalkiewicz, i ka nui o 3 billion zł (no ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana, nā kālā a me nā lilo o ka moku'āina kālā i ka makahiki kālā 1938-39 i 2,475 billion zlotys).

Ua lele ka Luftwaffe ma luna o Warsaw a hāʻule i nā lako me ka nui ʻole o ka "pilikia" mai nā hola mua o ke kaua. Ma kahi liʻiliʻi, hiki ke pale ʻia kēia e nā pūʻali koa brigade, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi e nā pū kaua anti-aircraft. ʻO ka pilikia maoli wale nō i kū i ke ala o ka poʻe Kelemania ʻo ka wā ʻino.

I loko o nā lā ʻeono o ka hakakā ʻana (Sepatemaba 1-6), ua hōʻike nā pailaka o ka brigade alualu i 43 i luku ʻia a ʻo 9 paha i luku ʻia a he 20 mau mokulele Luftwaffe i pōʻino i ka wā o ka pale ʻana i ke kapikala. Wahi a ka ʻikepili Kelemania, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kūleʻa maoli o nā Poles. Ua nalowale ka mokulele Kelemania i nā kaua me ka brigade alualu i nā lā ʻeono

17-20 mokulele kaua (e nānā i ka papa), he ʻumi mau mea i loaʻa ma lalo o 60% poino a hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia. He hopena maikaʻi loa kēia, ma muli o nā lako kahiko a me nā mea kaua nāwaliwali o nā Polo i hakakā pū me lākou.

Ua nui loa na poho ponoi; Ua aneane pau loa ka puali alualu. Mai ka moku'āina mua, ua nalowale nā ​​mea hakakā 54 i nā kaua (me 3 mau hoʻohui PZL-11 a III / 1 Dyon), 34 mau mea kaua i loaʻa i ka pōʻino hiki ʻole ke waiho ʻia (kokoke 60%). Hiki ke hoʻopakele ʻia kekahi hapa o ka mokulele i pōʻino i ke kaua inā loaʻa nā propellers, nā huila, nā ʻāpana ʻenekini, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a aia kahi kahua hoʻoponopono a hoʻokuʻu. Ma III / 1 Dönier, 13 PZL-11 mau mea kaua a me kekahi me ke komo ʻole o ka ʻenemi i nalowale i nā kaua me ka Luftwaffe. I ka huli ʻana, ua nalowale ʻo IV / 1 Dyon i 17 PZL-11 a me PZL-7a mau mea kaua a ʻekolu hou aku me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana o ka ʻenemi i nā kaua me ka Luftwaffe. Ua eo ka hui hoʻomāinoino: ʻehā i make a hoʻokahi i nalowale, a he 10 i hōʻeha - i ka haukapila. Ma ka lā 7 o Kepakemapa, ua loaʻa iā III/1 Dyon he 5 mau PZL-2 a me 11 PZL-3 ma Kerzh e hoʻoponopono ʻia ma ke kahua mokulele ma Kerzh 11 a me Zaborov. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua loaʻa iā IV/1 Dyon he 6 PZL-11 a me 4 PZL-7a e hana ana ma ke kahua mokulele ʻo Belżyce, me 3 mau PZL-11 hou e hoʻoponopono ʻia.

ʻOiai ka hui pū ʻana o nā pūʻali koa pale ea nui ma ke kapikala (92 pū), ʻaʻole i luku nā mea kaua anti-aircraft i ka wā mua o ka pale a hiki i ka lā 6 o Kepakemapa i luku i hoʻokahi mokulele ʻenemi. Ma hope o ka hoʻi hope ʻana o ka brigade alualu a me ka hopu ʻana i nā pū kaua anti-aircraft 2/3, ua ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ke kūlana ma Warsaw. Ua hoʻopuni ka ʻenemi i ke kūlanakauhale. He ʻuʻuku loa nā kumuwaiwai e hana ai i kāna mokulele, a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā pū anti-aircraft 75 mm hou loa. Ma kahi o ka ʻumi mau lā ma hope mai, ʻehā mau ʻeke uila me ka 10 40 mm wz. 36 Bofors. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau mea hana ke hoʻopiha i nā āpau āpau. I ka lā o ka hāʻawi pio ʻana, ua loaʻa i nā mea pale he 12 75 mm anti-aircraft pū (me 4 wz. 37St) a me 27 40 mm Bofors wz. 36 a me wz. 38 (14 platoons) a me ʻewalu mau hui pū mīkini me ka liʻiliʻi o nā pū. I ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a me ka pana ʻana o ka ʻenemi, ua luku ka poʻe pale i ʻelua mau pahu kaua anti-aircraft 75-mm a me ʻelua mau pū 2-mm. ʻO nā poho: ʻelua mau luna i make, ma kahi o kahi kakini o nā luna hana ʻole a me nā poʻe pilikino i make, a me nā kakini i hōʻeha ʻia.

Ma ka pale ana o Warsaw, e like me ka noiʻi ʻana a ke alakaʻi hoʻomāinoino o ka Warsaw Center, ʻo Konela V. Aries, he 103 mau mokulele ʻenemi e kiʻi ʻia i lalo, a ʻo ia ka ʻeono (sic!) i helu ʻia i ka moʻolelo o ka pūʻali Chase. a me 97 i pana ʻia e nā pū a me nā pū kaua mokulele. Ua koho ka luna koa o ka pūʻali koa Warsaw i ʻekolu mau keʻa Virtuti Militari a me 25 mau keʻa Valor no ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana pale ea. ʻO nā mea mua i hōʻike ʻia e Colonel Baran: Lieutenant Wieslav Kedziorsky (ka luna o ka 75-mm St battery), ʻo Lieutenant Mikolay Dunin-Martsinkevich (ka luna o ka platoon 40-mm) a me Lieutenant Anthony Yazvetsky (ʻāpana 18 km).

ʻO ka holomua o nā pū kaua mokulele i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻāina ua hoʻonui nui ʻia, a ʻike ʻia nā mea hakakā. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ua hōʻike kā lākou kiola ʻana i nā hits no ka mea ʻaʻohe hōʻike maoli o ka pio ʻana o ka hoa paio. Eia kekahi, mai nā hōʻike ola i kēlā me kēia lā a Konela S. Oven e pili ana i nā holomua ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa mai kēia helu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia pehea e wehewehe ai.

Ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā palapala a ka poʻe Kelemania, ua nalowale lākou ma kahi o ʻewalu mau pōkā, nā mea kaua a me nā mokulele reconnaissance ma luna o Warsaw mai ke ahi anti-aircraft (e ʻike i ka papa). Hiki ke pā a luku ʻia kekahi mau kaʻa hou mai nā pūʻali hoʻokele mamao a kokoke paha. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo i mea pohō nui (laina 1-3 mau kaʻa?). Ua loaʻa i kekahi mau mokulele ʻē aʻe nā pōʻino o nā ʻano like ʻole (emi ma mua o 60%). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kiʻi 97 i haʻi ʻia, loaʻa iā mākou ka 12-fold overestimation o nā pana pale ea.

I ka wā o ka pale kaua anti-aircraft o Warsaw i ka makahiki 1939, ua luku ʻia nā mokulele hakakā a me nā mea kaua anti-aircraft ma kahi o 25-28 mau mokulele kaua, ʻo kekahi kakini i loaʻa ma lalo o 60% pōʻino, ʻo ia hoʻi. ua kūpono no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. Me nā mokulele ʻenemi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia - 106 a i ʻole 146-155 - liʻiliʻi i loaʻa, a me ka liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole hiki i ka manaʻo hakakā nui a me ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana o nā mea he nui ke hoʻopaʻa pono i ka ʻāpana nui o ke ʻano o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea pale e pili ana i ka ʻenehana o ka ʻenemi.

E ʻike i nā kiʻi a me nā palapala ʻāina ma ka paʻi uila piha >>