A me ka hui?

ʻO nā hōʻike i ka hopena o ka makahiki i hala e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi reactor no ka synthesis e nā poʻe loea Kina i kani kani (1). Ua hōʻike aku ka nūhou mokuʻāina o Kina e hoʻohana ʻia ka hale HL-2M, aia ma kahi kikowaena noiʻi ma Chengdu, i ka makahiki 2020. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka leo o nā hōʻike media ua hoʻopau mau ʻia ka pilikia o ke komo ʻana i ka ikehu pau ʻole o ka thermonuclear fusion.

ʻO ka nānā ponoʻana i nā kiko'ī e kōkua i ka hoʻomahaʻana i ka manaʻo maikaʻi.

Hou mea ʻano tokamak, me kahi hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, pono e hoʻopuka i ka plasma me nā mahana ma luna o 200 miliona degere Celsius. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia kēia ma kahi hoʻolaha paʻi e ke poʻo o ka Southwestern Institute of Physics o ka China National Nuclear Corporation Duan Xiuru. Hāʻawi ka mea hana i ke kākoʻo ʻenehana i ka poʻe Kina e hana ana i ka papahana Mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻokolohua Thermonuclear International (ITER)a me ke kukulu ana.

No laila, manaʻo wau ʻaʻole ia he hoʻololi ikaika, ʻoiai ua hana ʻia e ka Kina. reactor KhL-2M a hiki i keia manawa kakaikahi i ikeia. ʻAʻole mākou ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopuka wela o kēia reactor a i ʻole nā ​​pae o ka ikehu e pono ai e holo i kahi hopena fusion nuklea i loko. ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike i ka mea nui loa - inā paha he hoʻolālā ka fusion reactor Kina me ke koena o ka ikehu maikaʻi, a i ʻole he mea hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe e hiki ai i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana, akā i ka manawa like e koi hou aku i ka ikehu no " ignition" ma mua o ka ikehu i hiki ke loaʻa ma muli o nā hopena hopena.

Hooikaika honua

ʻO Kina, me ka European Union, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, India, Iapana, South Korea a me Rūsia, nā lālā o ka papahana ITER. ʻO kēia ke kumu kūʻai nui loa o nā papahana noiʻi honua o kēia manawa i kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻāina i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ke kumukūʻai ma kahi o US $20 biliona. Ua wehe ʻia ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā aupuni o Mikhail Gorbachev lāua ʻo Ronald Reagan i ka wā o ke Kaua Cold, a he mau makahiki ma hope mai ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi kuʻikahi i pūlima ʻia e kēia mau ʻāina āpau ma 2006.

2. Ma ke kahua kūkulu o ka ITER tokamak

ʻO ka papahana ITER ma Cadarache ma ka hema o Farani (2) ke kūkulu nei i ka tokamak nui loa o ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi keʻena plasma e pono e hoʻopili ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi māla ikaika i hana ʻia e nā electromagnets. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia mea hana e ka Soviet Union i nā makahiki 50 a me 60. Luna Papahana, Lavan Koblenz, ua hoʻolaha e loaʻa i ka hui ka "plasma mua" i ka lā Dekemaba 2025. Pono ka ITER e kākoʻo i ka hopena thermonuclear no kahi 1 tausani mau kānaka i kēlā me kēia manawa. kekona, loaa ka ikaika 500-1100 MW. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ka tokamak Pelekane nui loa a hiki i kēia lā, JET (joint European torus), mālama i ka pane no kekahi mau ʻumi kekona a loaʻa ka ikaika a hiki i 16 MW. E hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ikehu i loko o kēia reactor ma ke ʻano o ka wela - ʻaʻole manaʻo ʻia e hoʻololi ʻia i uila. ʻAʻole pilikia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana fusion i ka mānoanoa no ka mea no ka noiʻi wale nō ka papahana. Aia wale ma ke kumu o ITER e kūkulu ʻia ka hanauna e hiki mai ana o nā reactors thermonuclear, hiki i ka mana. 3-4 tausani. MW.

ʻO ke kumu nui ʻaʻole i noho mau nā mea kanu fusion maʻamau (ʻoiai ʻoi aku ma mua o kanaono mau makahiki o ka noiʻi nui a me ke kumu kūʻai nui) ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana a "hoʻokele" i ka ʻano o ka plasma. Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa i nā makahiki o ka hoʻokolohua ʻana i nā mea waiwai he nui, a i kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka kokoke o ka ikehu fusion.

E hoʻonui i ka helium-3, e hoʻoulu a wela

ʻO ITER ka manaʻo nui o ka noiʻi fusion honua, akā nui nā keʻena noiʻi, nā hui a me nā hale hana pūʻali koa e hana pū ana i nā papahana fusion ʻē aʻe e haʻalele ana i ke ala kuʻuna.

No ka laʻana, hana ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma mai ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology hoʻokolohua me Helm-3 ma ka tokamak i hāʻawi mai i nā hopena hoihoi, me hoʻonui i ka ikehu ion plasma. ʻO ka poʻe ʻepekema e hana ana i nā hoʻokolohua ma ka C-Mod tokamak ma Massachusetts Institute of Technology, me nā loea mai Belgium a me UK, ua hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano hou o ka wahie thermonuclear i loaʻa i ʻekolu ʻano ion. Hui Alcator C-Mod (3) ua hana i kahi noiʻi i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 2016, akā ʻo ka ʻikepili mai kēia mau hoʻokolohua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēia manawa, e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi nui o ka ikehu plasma. Ua hoʻoikaika nui nā hopena i hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema e holo ana i ka hale hana fusion hana nui loa o ka honua, ʻo JET ma UK, i hoʻoholo e hana hou i nā hoʻokolohua. Ua loaʻa ka hoʻonui like o ka ikehu. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana ma ka puke pai Nature Physics.

3. Tokamak Alcator C-Mod i ka hana

ʻO ke kī i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka wahie nuklea ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā helu helium-3, kahi isotope paʻa o ka helium, me hoʻokahi neutron ma kahi o ʻelua. ʻO ka wahie nuklea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano Alcator C ma mua he ʻelua wale nō ʻano o nā ion, deuterium a me ka hydrogen. ʻO Deuterium, kahi isotope paʻa o ka hydrogen me kahi neutron i loko o kona nucleus (e kū'ē i ka hydrogen me ka neutrons), e pili ana i 95% o ka wahie. Ua hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ka Plasma Research Center a me ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PSFC) i kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia Pumehana RF. Hoʻohana nā antenna e pili ana i ka tokamak i kahi alapine lekiō kūikawā e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻāpana, a ua calibrated nā nalu e "hoʻopaʻa" i nā ion hydrogen. Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka hydrogen i ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka nui o ka wahie, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o nā ion ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana e hiki ai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu. Eia kekahi, hele nā ​​ion hydrogen i hoʻoulu ʻia i nā ion deuterium e lanakila nei i loko o ka hui ʻana, a komo nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia ma kēia ala i loko o ka pūpū o waho o ka reactor, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka wela.

Hoʻonui ka maikaʻi o kēia kaʻina hana ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ion helium-3 i ka hui ʻana i ka nui o lalo o 1%. Ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻomehana lekiō ma kahi liʻiliʻi o ka helium-3, ua hoʻonui nā ʻepekema i ka ikehu o nā ion i megaelectronvolts (MeV).

Hele mua mai - lawelawe mua ʻia Equivalent in Russian: Eating late guest and bone

Nui nā hanana i loko o ka honua o ka hana fusion controlled i nā makahiki i hala iho nei i hoʻāla hou i ka manaʻolana o ka poʻe ʻepekema a me mākou āpau e hiki i ka "Holy Grail" o ka ikehu.

Loaʻa nā hōʻailona maikaʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā ʻike mai ka Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) o ka US Department of Energy (DOE). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hawewe lekiō me ka kūleʻa nui e hōʻemi nui i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo plasma perturbations, hiki ke koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina o ka "ʻaʻahu" i nā hopena thermonuclear. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hui noiʻi like ma Malaki 2019 i kahi hoʻokolohua lithium tokamak kahi i uhi ʻia ai nā paia o loko o ka reactor hoʻāʻo me ka lithium, kahi mea i ʻike ʻia mai nā pākahi i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka uila. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka uhi ʻana o ka lithium ma nā paia o ka reactor e hoʻopili i nā ʻāpana plasma i hoʻopuehu ʻia, e pale ana iā lākou mai ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke ao plasma a keakea i nā hopena thermonuclear.

4. Pāhana ʻike maka ʻo TAE Technologies

Ua lilo nā kānaka ʻepekema mai nā ʻoihana ʻepekema kaulana nui i poʻe manaʻo makaʻala i kā lākou ʻōlelo. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoihoi i nā ʻenehana fusion controlled i ka ʻoihana pilikino. Ma 2018, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Lockheed Martin i kahi hoʻolālā e hoʻomohala i kahi prototype compact fusion reactor (CFR) i loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana. Inā hana ka ʻenehana i nā hana, hiki i kahi mīkini kaʻa kaʻa ke hāʻawi i ka uila e hoʻokō ai i nā pono o kahi hāmeʻa 100-square-foot. kamaaina o ke kulanakauhale.

Ke hoʻokūkū nei nā hui ʻē aʻe a me nā kikowaena noiʻi e ʻike i ka mea hiki ke kūkulu i ka reactor fusion maoli mua, me TAE Technologies a me Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ʻOiai ʻo Jeff Bezos o Amazon a me Bill Gates o Microsoft i komo hou i loko o nā papahana hui. Ua helu ʻo NBC News i ʻumikumamāhiku mau hui hui liʻiliʻi wale nō ma US. ʻO nā hoʻomaka e like me General Fusion a i ʻole Commonwealth Fusion Systems ke kālele nei i nā reactors liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā superconductors hou.

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka "cold fusion" a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā reactors nui, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​tokamaks, akā ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia. nā hōkū, me kahi hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa iki, i kūkulu ʻia me Kelemania. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi ala ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia mea he mea i kapa ʻia Z-kui, i kūkulu ʻia e nā ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Wakinekona a wehewehe ʻia ma kekahi o nā pukana hou loa o ka puke pai Physics World. Hana ʻia ka Z-pinch ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka plasma i loko o kahi māla magnetic ikaika. I ka hoʻokolohua, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka plasma no 16 microseconds, a ua hoʻomau ka hopena fusion no kahi hapakolu o kēia manawa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka hōʻike e hōʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai he nui ka poʻe ʻepekema i kānalua nui i kēia.

Ma ka huli ʻana, mahalo i ke kākoʻo o Google a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā ʻenehana holomua, ua hoʻohana ka hui Kaleponi ʻo TAE Technologies i kahi ʻokoʻa, ma mua o ka maʻamau no nā hoʻokolohua me ka fusion, huikau wahie boron, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā reactors liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, no ke kumu o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo fusion rocket engine. He prototype cylindrical fusion reactor (4) me nā kukuna kuʻi (CBFR), e hoʻomehana ana i ke kinoea hydrogen e hana i ʻelua apo plasma. Hoʻohui lākou me nā pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana inert a mālama ʻia i loko o ia kūlana, pono e hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi o ka plasma.

ʻO kahi hoʻomaka hui hou ʻo General Fusion mai ka moku ʻo Kanada o British Columbia e hauʻoli i ke kākoʻo o Jeff Bezos ponoʻī. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo kāna manaʻo e hoʻokomo i ka plasma wela i loko o kahi pōpō metala wai (kahi hui ʻana o ka lithium a me ke alakaʻi) i loko o ka pōlele kila, a ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o ka plasma e nā pistons, e like me ka mīkini diesel. ʻO ke kaomi i hana ʻia e alakaʻi i ka fusion, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka nui o ka ikehu e hoʻoikaika i nā turbines o kahi ʻano mea mana hou. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Mike Delage, ka luna ʻenehana nui ma General Fusion, hiki ke hoʻomaka ka hui nuklea pāʻoihana i loko o ʻumi makahiki.

5. Kiʻi kiʻi mai kahi patent thermonuclear US Navy.

I kēia mau lā, ua waiho pū ka US Navy i kahi patent no kahi "plasma fusion device". Ke kamaʻilio nei ka patent e pili ana i nā māla magnetic e hana i ka "vibration wikiwiki" (5). ʻO ka manaʻo ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i nā reactors fusion liʻiliʻi i hiki ke lawe ʻia. Pono ʻole e ʻōlelo, ua hui ʻia kēia noi patent me ka kānalua.